1. Concussions Current Concepts and Future Directions

2. Objectives Be able to identify signs and symptoms of concussive and post concussive injuries Understand role for neurocognitive testing in concussion management Be able to follow current concussion legislation and latest guidelines Develop an appropriate treatment plan for youth with concussions

3. Statistics 10% of all contact sport athletes sustain concussions yearly 63% of all concussions occur in football Up to 20% of football players will sustain a concussion per season An athlete that who sustains a concussion is 4-6 times more likely to sustain a second concussion “Bell ringers” or mild concussions account for 75% of all concussive injuries Effects of concussion injuries are cumulative

4. Signs/Symptoms of Concussion How do you know? –Historically On field/sideline evaluation Follow post concussive symptoms –Imaging Studies (Study structure not function) Do not detect subtle physiological changes in the concussed brain

5. Signs/Symptoms of Concussion Dazed Confused about play Answers questions slowly Personality/Behavior change Anterograde amnesia Loss of consciousness Headache Nausea Balance problems Double vision Photosensitivity Feeling Sluggish Feeling foggy Change in sleep pattern Cognitive changes

6. Sideline Evaluation SCAT-2 –Physical Signs –Glasgow Coma Scale –Maddock’s Questions –Cognitive Assessment –Balance Examination –Coordination Examination

7. Risks of Premature Return To Play No athlete should return to play while experiencing symptoms of concussion! Why? – risk of Second Impact Syndrome

9. Second Impact Syndrome Occurs in athletes with history of a prior concussion –Second impact can be relatively minor –Can occur up to 14 days after injury –Athlete return to play before resolution of 1 st concussion symptoms Catastrophic increase in intracranial pressure –Vasomotor paralysis, edema, massive swelling, herniation, death Most often occurs in athletes < 21 yrs old –Appears to be due to neuro-chemical processes in the developing brain

10. Post Concussive Syndrome Decreased Processing Speed Short Term Memory Impairment Concentration Deficit Irritability/Depression Fatigue/Sleep Disturbance General Feeling of “Fogginess” Academic Difficulties

11. How Do We Know When An Athlete Can Return? Physical Exam –Balance –Cranial Nerves –Coordination Neurocognitive Exam –ImPACT

12. Clinical Assessment Tool Neurocognitive testing –Pre-season Baseline –Post Injury Testing ImPACT Test – clinically validated objective measure

13. Impact Test Computer Test – Developed by clinical researchers at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Developed to allow for an objective assessment of concussion and recovery Baseline testing allows for individual differences in cognitive ability and symptom reporting Provides a test that allows for collaboration between athletic trainers, coaches, physicians, and neuropsychologists

14. Current Users NFL NHL MLB MLS CHL Rapid City Rush Many colleges (SDSU) Many high schools (STM, RC Stevens, RC Central, Sturgis Brown)

15. What Does Impact Measure?

16. Demographic/Concussion Questionaire Concussion Symptom Scale (21 item scale) Neurocognitive Measures –Memory, working memory, attention, reaction time, mental speed, verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, processing speed Detailed clinical report

17. ImPACT Test Examples

18. ImPACT Test Report

19. Frequently Asked Questions Data is confidential Athletes baseline screens performed in schools computer lab Data stored online – no server/equipment needed at the school Sideline assessment by trainer, post concussion test with 24-48 hours, then tested once a week until score normalizes Return to play after evaluation by physician

20. If Used Correctly, ImPACT will … Help determine severity of concussion Provide valuable information to the athlete, parents, athletic trainers, and physicians Provide information on academic deficits associated with concussion Promote safe return to play Reduce liability for school districts Impact will not –Prevent a concussion from happening –Eliminate the risk of concussion

21. Return to Play

22. Remove from play/practice/event Sideline Evaluation – SCAT2 If indicated – physician/Emergency Room Monitor post-concussive symptoms Once symptoms resolved – –Begin gradual return to play ladder –Follow ImPACT test Scores Step-wise return to play –No activity - rest until asymptomatic –Light aerobic exercise –Sport-specific training –Non-contact drills –Full-contact drills –Game play

24. How Many Concussions Per Year? Cantu rules – 2 severe or 3 total concussions in a calendar year If 3 concussions = sit out x 1 year or longer

25. How Many Concussions Per Career? Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) –Degenerative Process –Deposition of Tau Protein (stains dark) Boston University Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy

26. Future Directions

27. New Diagnostic Tests U.S. Army, in partnership with the Alachua, Fla.based company Banyan Biomarker Preliminary test (34 subjects), second phase 1200 patients Test identifies substances that spill into the blood from injured brain tissue –SBDP145 and SBDP120 proteins appear to enter the blood as a result of damage to brain cell Severe brain injury patients had levels of a biomarker called UCH-L1 that were 16 times the level found in patients without brain injury Neuroproteomics: A Biochemical Means to Discriminate the Extent and Modality of Brain Injury. Ottens AK, Bustamante L, Golden EC, Yao C, Hayes RL, Wang KK, Tortella FC, Dave JR. J Neurotrauma. 2010 Aug 10.

28. Functional MRI Purdue engineering students Collecting control data for concussion project During season/multiple hits to head lead to decline in activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex – area responsible for visual memory

29. Helmets Studies looking at biomechanical properties of concussions Accelerometers in helmets to detect g-forces in athletes when they sustain concussion Inconsistent findings –Occasionally expected threshold reached and no concussion occurs –Linear vs rotational forces –Expect that hits causing greater than 80Gs would cause concussion (heading soccer ball 20Gs)

30. Helmets - Helmets intended to prevent skull fractures - No independent evidence based study showing any helmet type can prevent concussions

31. Helmets Riddell - $419.99 Xenith - $319.00 Cascade M11 Hockey Helmet $149.00

32. Coaching Eliminate Hitting with head down Change in “toughness culture” Emphasis on proper technique

33. South Dakota Senate Bill 149 Included are South Dakota State Activities Association Coaches/Athletes A concussion information sheet will need to be signed and returned prior to participation Education and training for coaches/parents/athletes Key Safety Components: –Athlete is removed from play/practice as soon as they show signs of concussion –All signs/symptoms of concussion must have resolved –Evaluation by licensed/certified health care provider –Written clearance provided by health care provider

34. Rule Changes

35. NHL – Rule 48 – Illegal check to the Head - A lateral or blind side hit to an opponent where the head is targeted and/or the principal point of contact is not permitted. - NFL - New rules prohibit a player from launching himself off the ground and using his helmet to strike a player in a defenseless posture in the head or neck. When a player loses his helmet, the play is immediately whistled dead.

36. Education National Federation of High Schools Web based training program: –Free –20 min training program –www.nfhslearn.com/electiveDetail.aspx?courseID=15000

37. Return to Play Remove from play/practice/event Sideline Evaluation – SCAT2 If indicated – physician/Emergency Room Monitor post-concussive symptoms Once symptoms resolved – –Begin gradual return to play ladder –Follow ImPACT test Scores Step-wise return to play –No activity - rest until asymptomatic –Light aerobic exercise –Sport-specific training –Non-contact drills –Full-contact drills –Game play