1. CHAIN Project: International Collaboration on Full Sun Multi-wavelength H-alpha Observation as a Basis of Space Weather Research S.UeNo, K.Shibata, G.Kimura, S.Morita, K.Ichimoto, R.Kitai, S.Nagata, Y.Nakatani （ Kwasan&Hida Observatories, Kyoto University, JAPAN ） 2010 Nov. 7th ISWI Symposium at Helwan Univ. in Cairo, Egypt

2. Characteristics of the Continuous H-alpha Imaging Network (CHAIN) project

3. The situation of the space-weather environment around the earth greatly depends on 3-D structures and velocities of the CME, shockwave and solar-wind disturbance around the magnetosphere. It is a very important thing that we accurately observe filament eruptions and structures of shock waves on the Sun, in order to accurately grasp and predict the structures, velocities and evolutions of the CMEs and shock waves in the solar-terrestrial space. Observations of filament eruptions and shock waves with the mutli- wavelength full-disk solar telescope play an important role for the space weather research. Picture from SEC/Space Environment TOPICS (SE-10) However, it is still difficult to predict whether solar active phenomena would have large geoeffectiveness or not, just when the solar phenomena occur on the solar surface.

4. Formation of an international network of ground-based 24hr continuous observations of filament eruptions and shockwaves (Moreton wave) accompanied solar flares on the full-disk Sun in order to know physical parameters of all solar active phenomena. CHAIN Project (Continuous H-alpha Imaging Network Project) --- The Purposes --- Reinforcement of observations of the solar activities for the purpose of understanding and predicting the change of space- weather envirionment from the Sun to the Earth. International spread, exchange and promotion of the space- weather research, including developing countries.

5. The FMT simultaneously observes full-disk solar chromosphere at multi-wavelength. So, we can measure pysical parameters, such as 3D velocity field, density and temperature…, of explosive solar phenomena. The main instrument: F lare M onitoring T elescope (FMT) Flare & Filament Eruption

6. A typical example of the solar flare observed with the FMT A typical example of the filament eruption on the solar limb observed with the FMT

7. Time (UT) Transversal Velocity Field Time Evolution of the Doppler Velocity at the top of the filament

8. Filament Eruption and its Characteristics with FMT Coronal Phenomena and Structures with SXT,EIT, etc. CME Occurrence with SoHO/LASCO Morimoto & Kurokawa (2003 PASJ) etc. Magnetic Clouds Existence with IMP-8, WIND, ACE etc. GeomagneticStorms with DST-index

9. Shock Observation (Moreton waves) Narukage et al. (2002) cleared that Moreton waves observed in H alpha images are chromospheric counter part of coronal MHD fast mode shocks by using the FMT data. The origin of coronal MHD fast mode shocks emitted from solar flares has not been solved yet.

10. Study of Shockwave Structure observed on the Chromosphere N. Narukage et al. (2002) They investigated Moreton waves on the chromosphere obtained the FMT and X-ray waves in the corona. According to their results, Moreton wave and X-ray wave are very similar in the speed, timing and direction, and their speed correspond to expected MHD shockwave. However, EIT wave is different from them.

11. This observation is also contributes to CAWSES-II / Task Group 3 “Geoeffective short-term solar variability” (2) Shock formation in the solar atmosphere (chair: Y. Yan) When a solar flare occurs, various types of shock waves occur. For example, Moreton waves observed in H alpha images are chromospheric counter part of coronal MHD fast mode shocks emitted from flares. Type II radio bursts are also related to such coronal MHD fast mode shocks propagating from flares. It is interesting to note that the origin of these coronal MHD fast mode shocks directly emitted from flares has not yet been solved. The prominence eruption is one candidate of the origin of coronal shocks, but should be studied in more detail. EIT waves are closely associated with flares and CMEs, but it has not yet been clarified whether these waves are real MHD shocks/waves or not. In large scale, there is now increasing observational evidence that MHD fast mode shocks are formed just ahead of fast CMEs.

12. However, we need more observational data of solar active phenomena in order to progress more accurate and statistical studies, and we need more researchers who investigate the FMT data and other space weather data. The CHAIN network will fulfill these requirements. We hope ….

13. CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activities

14. [CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activity] An important aim of “International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI)” as a successor project of International Heliophysical Year (IHY) 2007 To develop the scientific insights necessary to understand space weather, including instrumentation, data analysis, modeling, education, training, and public outreach. from the ISWI Homepage

15. On the other hand, CAWSES-II (Climate And Weather of the Sun-Earth System II) also progressing from 2009 as a successor project of “CAWSES”. CAWSES-II is also has a branch of “Capacity Building” whose international definition is as follows: - CAWSES-II will continue to organize and cosponsor international science meetings and workshops. - Particular emphasis will be placed on the support of scientists from developing nations as well as graduate students and young scientists. - CAWSES-II will work with scientists in the developing nations to provide access to data and research tools, and will develop an international network of graduate students and early-career scientists. [CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activity]

16. Therefore, the policies of “ISWI” and “CAWSES-II /Capacity Building” are very similar. Moreover, in the case of Japan, many researchers or institutes in the field of space-weather belong to both programs. Do these two international programs conflict with each other? [CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activity]

17. [Organization of Japanese CAWSES-II “Capacity Building” Group] Japanese domestic committee: - K. Yumoto (Professor, Space Environment Research Center, Kyushu Univ.) Study of geomagnetic field’s change during magnetic storms and auroral substorms. A leader of Japanese ISWI. MAGDAS (Magnetic Data Acquisition System). - S. UeNo (Assistant Professor, Kwasan and Hida Observatories, Kyoto Univ.) Observation of physical parameters of solar chromospheric active phenomena. CHAIN. Japanese domestic members: - K. Makita (Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Takushoku Univ.) Examine the environment of the upper atmosphere in the Geomagnetic Hole. - K. Munakata (Professor, Faculty of Science, Shinshu Univ.) Identify the precursory decrease of cosmic ray intensity before earth-arrival of CME shock. GMDN (Global Muon Detector Network) - A. Mizuno (Professor, Solar-Terrestrial Environment Labo., Nagoya Univ.) Investigation of composition’s change of middle atmosphere K.Shiokawa: OMTIs (Optical Mesosphere Thermosphere Imagers) - T. Tsuda (Professor, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto Univ.) Research on equatorial atmosphere and ionosphere in tropical Asia. [CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activity]

18. No. We consider that we can make these two programs play complemental roles with each other. We defined each role of these two projects as follows: ISWI: Mainly in the field of hardware for developing countries - Expand existing instrument arrays - Deploy new arrays - Provide technical training of instruments, operation, data-calibration - Provide technical support CAWSES-II/Capacity Building: Mainly in the field of software - Education of data analysis - Cooperative research - Holding and support of science workshop etc. [CHAIN-project as ISWI and CAWSES-II activity]

19. CHAIN-project Activities In the field of Hardware (ISWI Activities)

20. Telescopes that are planned to be used in the CHAIN 2)Modified foreign exsisting H-alpha telescopes Modification of existing H-alpha single-wavelength telescopes, to use them for multi-wavelength observation. 1) Newly installed Flare Monitoring Telescopes (FMT) Installation of the FMT to the appropriate foreign sites (especially developing countries). Main Stations and Candidate Sites of CHAIN ISWI Activities

21. Observation time zone at main 3 sites (Between sunrise and sunset) Hida (Japan) N36 o 15’ E137 o 18.5’ Ica (Peru) S14 o 04’ W75 o 44’ 00030609 1215 1821 18 15 (UT) June December June December June Aures (Algeria) N35 o 02’ E 7 o 00’ June December ISWI Activities

22. Installation of the 1 st oversea FMT in Peru ISWI Activities

23. LIMA ICA National Ica University, Peru Latitude : - 14° 11’ Altitude : ~ 80 m Rain : 0 mm/year Temperature : 10 - 27 ℃ Avrg. Humidity : 20 % -42 - The 1 st oversea FMT of CHAIN project was already installed at Ica University in Peru in March 2010 with cooperation of IGP and Ica Univ. ISWI Activities

24. January 2010: The FMT and other instruments was shipped to Callao port, Peru from Kobe port, Japan. ISWI Activities

25. March 13th 2010: The FMT and other instruments arrived at Ica University, Peru. ISWI Activities

26. Main Building & Lodge Coelostat- spectroscope 15cm Refractor Solar Telescope “Estacion Solar de Ica (ESI)” in Ica Univ., Peru Ground for the Solar Station ISWI Activities

27. March 18th 2010: Installation of the FMT at the side of Coelostat-spectroscope building was completed. ISWI Activities

28. Personnel Training *Technical Training of Peruvian Staffs in Japan July 2009 at Hida Obs. Kyoto Univ. - Lecture of solar physics and space weather - Solar observation method - Maintenance method of solar telescopes - Camera controlling software - Data archiving & analysis software ISWI Activities *Guidance of the Solar Observation Method in Peru 2007 ～ 2010 at Ica & Lima

29. Preparation of the 2 nd oversea FMT in Algeria ISWI Activities

30. *Survey of candidate sites for Educational Astronomical Observatory where the 2 nd oversea FMT will be installed Chechar Tamanrasset Mt.Chelia Mt.Assekrem Algeria Candidate site investigation since 2006 by CRAAG (Centre de Recherche Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique) Mediterranean Sea Sahara Desert

31. ISWI Activities Cooperative survey of candidate sites for construction of a new educational astronomical observatory in Algeria, April – May 2008. *Survey of candidate sites for Educational Astronomical Observatory where the 2 nd oversea FMT will be installed

32. ISWI Activities *Survey of candidate sites for Educational Astronomical Observatory where the 2 nd oversea FMT will be installed Chechar Tamanrasset Mt.Chelia Mt.Assekrem Algeria Candidate site investigation since 2006 Mediterranean Sea Sahara Desert

33. New educational astronomical observatory by Algeria/CRAAG (Centre de Recherche Astronomie Astrophysique et Géophysique) Department of Seismology Direction Scientific Council Administration Administration Council Chief: Dr. N.Seghouani Tamanrasset Observatory (Director Prof. Nouredine AKACEM) Alger Observatory since 1890 80 cm reflector for night-astronomy Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics Department of Geophysics New observatory in more better condition A new solar telescope also

34. Schedule for the coming 3 years by Algeria/CRAAG CRAAG already received the budget of about 2,000,000 USD from the government for building the new observatory. ■ 2009 – 2010 : More investigation of two candidate sites ■ 2010 – 2011 : Construction of infrastructures and some buildings ■ 2011 – 2012 : Installation of scientific instruments except for the FMT ■ 2012 – 2013 : Start of daily observation with each instruments

35. CHAIN-project Activities In the field of Software (CAWSES-II Activities?)

36. Personnel Training and Academic Exchange *Lecture Circuit in Peru & Algeria Lecutres about solar physics and space weather research Jan. 2007 at Ica University in Peru, Jan. 2007 at IGP in Peru, May 2008 at CRAAG in Algeria, Jun. 2008 at Ica in Peru Mar. 2010 at Ica in Peru Jan. 2007 at IGP in Lima Jan. 2007 at Ica Univ. CAWSES-II Activities Mar. 2010 at Ica Univ.

37. Currently *Scientific training of Peruvian students and young researchers Dr. Morita (an assistant teaching staff) of Hida Observatory is now training Peruvian students and young researchers at Ica University in Peru, in June and Octover – November in 2010. The subjects are * Acquisition method of calibration data and calibration method * Calculation of physical parameters from multi-wavelength solar images and scientific analysis * Lectures of solar physics and space weather. CAWSES-II Activities Personnel Training and Academic Exchange At Ica University in Peru, June 2010

38. In near future: The purpose of this workshop is to bring together the prospective user community of FMT to explore current and future science targets of solar observations. Furthermore, this workshop will also give an introduction to HINODE data reduction and analysis and talks related to solar physics and space weather. SCOSTEP/CAWSES-II committee has financially supported for this workshop. *Science Workshop of Solar Physics and Space-weather with the FMT data CAWSES-II Activities Personnel Training and Academic Exchange 22 – 26 Nov. 2010 Home Page of the WS: http://esi.igp.gob.pe/FMTworkshop/

39. Plans of CHAIN-project for the ISWI-period

40. Budget … These CHAIN activities (till the end of March 2010) were mainly supported by - "The Basic Study of Space Weather Prediction“ Program which is the Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research program of the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Technology, and Culture of Japan (2005-2009, PI: K. Shibata) - Supporting fund for Japanese universities by National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. On the other hand, in this financial year (from April 2010), We have no special budget for instruments of CHAIN-project yet. So, the making of the Algerian FMT will also be delayed one year. But, we have started some activities mainly in the field of software.

41. Main plans of the CHAIN project for the ISWI period ■In the field of instruments (ISWI activities) ： - Improvement of the 1st oversea FMT that was installed at "Solar Station" in Ica University, Peru. - Kyoto University will prepare CCD cameras and the controlling PCs and narrow-band filters for the 2nd oversea FMT that will be installed in Algeria. - Making Algerian FMT itself in Japan by Kyoto Univ. - Installation of the Algerian FMT at the new astronomical observatory and start of the solar observation with cooperation by Algeria/CRAAG. ■In the field of software (CAWSES-II Capacity-building) ： - Holding the scientific workshop with the FMT data in Peru in this month. - Holding other several scientific workshops in near future with other instrumental array groups. - Scientific training of Algerian staffs and students in Japan for about 1 month. - Cooperative data-analysis and studies with Peruvian and Algerian people.

42. Relationship with other countries

43. ■In the field of instruments (ISWI activities) ： - Frankly speaking, currently, we have no money for some instruments for more stations. - Provide technical training of instruments, operation, data- calibration (for example, by sending researchers and engineers, or by inviting staffs of each country to Japan) - Provide technical support (for example, by sending engineers ■In the field of software (CAWSES-II Capacity-building) ： - Education of scientific data analysis by using the CHAIN’s H-alpha data or each station’s data - Cooperative research - Holding and support of some scientific workshops etc. (for example, Japanese CAWSES-II Capacity-building group is considering holding some workshops in these 2-3 years around South America and Asia.) So, even if we cannot directly support instruments of each stations, we hope that each country’s people will participate in such workshops and will advance their scientific experiences.

44. Relationship with other countries If you are interested in perticipation in the CHAIN-project, please contact me (S.UENO) on 8 th (Mon) or 9 th (Tue) in this meeting or send e-mail to me (ueno@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp) andueno@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp Director Shibata (shibata@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp) of our observatoriesshibata@kwasan.kyoto-u.ac.jp and inform us characteristics of your stations, instruments and your requests.

45. Summary With the installation of the FMT to Peru in March 2010, we intend to install the 2 nd oversea FMT in Algeria and form international solar observation network and promote cooperative studies with the people of related countries with cooperating with not only ISWI but also other projects like CAWSES-II. Through the international cooparations, we plan to systematically advance space weather research in both fields of hardware and software, such as technical training and supports, education of data analysis, cooperative researches, holding and support of science workshop etc. for the ISWI-period.

46. The End

47. Chromosphere Filament : Source Function : Optical thickness : Doppler width : Doppler shift IPIP I R0 S Cloud Model Fitting Observed contrast: parameters observed value

48. Eruptive: E Quasi-Eruptive: QLocalized Brightening: LB Arcade, Flare...: A no yes FMT SXT,EITCME 6Apr., 2000 16 Feb., 1999 Morimoto & Kurokawa(2003 PASJ) They distinguished whether each active filament really erupted or not by analyzing its time-variation of the radial upward velocity, and investigated the relation with coronal structure and CME.

49. As the result, all really erupting filaments correspond to appearances of “coronal arcade structures” and “CMEs”.

50. Relation between erupting filaments and MCs or storms The Earth The Sun According to St.Cyr et al.1997, the apparent width of CMEs is about 49 deg in average. The Ecliptic 60 deg ： Earthward eruption （ Direction of the center of the filament ） From Morimoto’s presentation file for the seminar on 2001. 01. 15 Definition of “Earthward”

51. Relationship with MCs ３ １ ２ ９ ８ １ Yes No Other direction Earthward Quasi-eruptive Filaments No ４ ４ ０ MC From Morimoto’s presentation file for the seminar on 2001. 01. 15

52. Relationship with geomagnetic storms ４ ８ ４ ８ ６ ２ １５ ３ １２ Yes No Other direction Earthward Quasi-eruptive Filaments Geomag.Storms From Morimoto’s presentation file for the seminar on 2001. 01. 15

53. Study of Shockwave Structure observed on the Chromosphere N. Narukage et al. (2002) They investigated Moreton waves on the chromosphere obtained the FMT and X-ray waves in the corona. According to their results, Moreton wave and X-ray wave are very similar in the speed, timing and direction, and their speed correspond to expected MHD shockwave. However, EIT wave is different from them.

54. Future Plans for the coming ISWI’s 3 years by Kwasan & Hida Obs, Kyoto Univ.

55. We are waiting for the result of the application for the budget to Japanese government. The name of fund: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Study theme: “Synthetic studies of space weather and the Sun that is going toward the maximum phase from the extreme minimum phase” The concrete plan is …..

56. Cooperation with other projects 1. Inter-university cooperative project (in Japan) 「 Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation NETwork (IUGONET) 」 (2009 – 2014) In the field of opening the data, data exchange and distribution. 2. CAWSES => CAWSES-II (2009 – 2013) In the field of data analysis and scientific research, including advenced nations. * CAWSES: Climate And Weather of the Sun-Earth System

57. Main Stations and Candidate Sites of CHAIN ・ Peru ／ Drs. J. Ishitsuka, M. Ishitsuka et al. (Institute of Geophysics of Peru) In March 2010, the 1 st oversea FMT was installed to the “Solar Station” at ICA University. ・ Algeria ／ Dr. N. Seghouani (Algiers Observatoire, CRAAG) They are promoting to built a new educational astronomical observatory in Aures area. The 2 nd oversea FMT is planned to be installed there. ・ Malaysia ／ Dr. Fairos Asillam (National Space Agency of Malaysia) They are built a new full-disk solar telescope in Langkawi observatory. They hope to participate in CHAIN-network by using their telescope. ・ Indonesia ／ Dr.Emanuel.S.Mumpuni ( Tanjung-sari Solar Observatory) They have two existing observatories at Bandung and Tanjung-sari and have performed single-wavelength observation. ・ India ／ Dr. S. Mukherjee (Jawaharlal Nehru University) They hope to build a FMT in their university, so that they can investigate relationship between the magnetosphere and solar flares, filament eruptions. ・ India ／ Dr. B.S. Shylaja (Bangalore Association for Science Education) They hope to install H-alpha filters on the existing C.Zeiss 6” Coude-type solar telescope in order to mainly use it to educate the space science. ・ Mexico ／ Dr. A. Lara Sanchez (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) They hope to build a FMT near the new φ5 m solar radio telescope on the 4580m mountain.

58. November 10 th 2009: The FMT at Hida Obs. was dismantled.

59. The end of December 2009: Making of a new base of equatorial mount for Peru (latitude = -14 deg) was completed by Nishimura Co.Ltd.

60. Recent Situation of the 2 nd oversea site in Algeria

61. Around Mt.Chelia Alt. : ~1900m ( N 33° 17'.788, E 06° 38'.428) Chechar Alt. : ~2000m Tamanrasset Obs. Alt. : 1411 m ( N 22° 47' 30.169, E 05° 31' 46.491 ) Mt. Assekrem Alt. : 2700 m ( N 23° 15'.619, E 05° 38'.075)

62. Recent Status of Kwasan and Hida Observatory, Kyoto University In 2009, we could perform nothing concretely for the Algerian FMT. But, We have continued to apply for some funds to Japanese Government.

63. 大学間連携事業 IUGONET 各 地球、太陽地球 間環境観測研究機 関と協力し、観測デ ータの共有化を進め 特に長期的変動現 象の解明に取り組 む。

65. 「太陽の短期的活動の宇宙天気 に与える影響」、「太陽大気に おける衝撃波の形成」という科 学テーマに重点を置いた 観測 データの解析、研究の推進。

66. CHAIN-project を通した ・観測・解析環境の整備 ・宇宙天気研究普及、共同研 究 の両側面からの発展途上国支援 の展開を予定

67. 宇宙天気研究の推進と教育普及の ためのデータ共有化システムの構 築 と、そのデータベースへの CHAIN- project データの提供・活用

68. Current Problem & Roles of Japanese Capacity-building Group ◆ Definition of contributions of Japanese CAWSES-II Various Japanese institutes have made much progress for many kinds of international researching activities. We must define clearly which activities correspond to contributions of CAWSES-II/ Capacity Building. ➥ When any instrumentation, workshop, or travel expenses for participants is financially supported as Japanese CAWSES-II, then this event is automatically considered an event belonging to Japanese CAWSES-II activities.

69. Current Problem & Roles of Japanese Capacity-building Group ◆ No stable budget for funding of these activities ➥ Gathering information and needs of all related institutes in Japan that have progressed international projects or that are planning to start such projects. ➥ Consolidating similar plans (such as workshops, sending of trainers) and organizing more systematic ones (for example, CAWSES School around South America in 2011?, around Asia in 2013?). ➥ Systematically applying to various funds, such as - Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, - Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), - Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and - inter-university research institutes (NAOJ, STEL of Nagoya Univ. etc.) etc.