1. Jump Start  Write your own definition for each of these words: Loyalist, Patriot, Redcoat  I know that we have not studied these YET, but I want to see what you already know.  Definitions should include where each group lived and which side they supported.

2. Jump Start Complete the passage with the words below The (1) army faced many challenges including opposition from the (2), (3) soldiers, and a lack of (4). However, once Washington realized that his numbers of volunteer soldiers were decreasing, he allowed (5) to join his troops. This increased his numbers and kept the slaves from joining the (6), who promised (7) to slaves for their service. UntrainedLoyalistsRedcoats FreedomRunaway slavesSupplies Continental

3. Fighting the American Revolution Important Groups and Events

4. Loyalists Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the Great Britain Loyalists were American colonists who remained loyal to the Great Britain They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the Patriots They were often referred to as Tories, Royalists, or King's Men by the Patriots Historians estimate that 15% and 20% of the white population were Loyalists Historians estimate that 15% and 20% of the white population were Loyalists Many Loyalists fled the country at the start of the revolution Many Loyalists fled the country at the start of the revolution

5. Who were loyalists? They were older They were older Many were merchants and wealthy Many were merchants and wealthy Many active in the Church of England were Loyalists Many active in the Church of England were Loyalists Most of the Pennsylvania Dutch were loyalists Most of the Pennsylvania Dutch were loyalists ◦ They feared their royal land grants would be in danger with a republican form of government About100,000 loyalists left the country after the revolution About100,000 loyalists left the country after the revolution

6. Patriots Patriots came from many different backgrounds Patriots came from many different backgrounds Most were highly educated and wealthy Most were highly educated and wealthy Support of ordinary men and women (farmers, mechanics, homemakers, and shopkeepers) aided the Patriot cause Support of ordinary men and women (farmers, mechanics, homemakers, and shopkeepers) aided the Patriot cause These middle and lower classes didn’t like their economic situation These middle and lower classes didn’t like their economic situation ◦ Largely due to British taxation

7. Views of the Patriots Believed British taxes were not "legal“ Believed British taxes were not "legal“ The colonists were not directly represented in Parliament The colonists were not directly represented in Parliament The British believed in "virtual representation,“ The British believed in "virtual representation,“ ◦ All members of Parliament represent the interests of all the citizens of the British empire

8. The Arguments Loyalists Patriots 1.A strong unified British Empire is good for all 2.Colonists are British subjects and should obey British law 3.Taxes are due to French & Indian War which was fought to protect colonies 4.American colonies would be weak without Britain 5.Colonies profit from trade with England 6.Colonies are too far away from England to have representation in Parliament, its just not practical 1.People have rights government can’t take away, like property 2.Taxation takes away property (i.e. – money and goods) 3.Colonists don’t have voice in Parliament, so they can’t tax colonies (No taxation without representation) 4.There’s no way colonies could ever be represented – Parliament’s too far 5.Many colonists fought in the French & Indian War (we’ve done our part) 6.British personnel are causing violence, riots, and death (Boston Massacre & Boston Tea Party)

9. The British Army is Growing TTTThe British hire about 9000 Hessian mercenaries from Germany MMMMercenary: a professional soldier hired to fight for a foreign country AAAAfter months of fighting and losing in New York, Washington is forced to retreat to Pennsylvania

10. Jump Start  If you were a British redcoat, what are some things you would have to do to win the war?  What city would be important to capture? Why?

11. Problems with the Continental Army NNNNot everyone supported the Revolution SSSSoldiers were untrained and undisciplined volunteers EEEEnlisted and served for one year NNNNot enough supplies NNNNever numbered more than 17,000 men

12. British Strategy BBBBritish strategy was to capture Hudson River Valley and cut off New England from the other colonies FFFFrom New York, they would go north and take Massachusetts  the heart of the rebellion AAAAfter months of fighting and losing in New York, Washington is forced to retreat to Pennsylvania

13. Crossing the Delaware DDDDecember 25, 1776: Washington’s troops are in poor spirits with few supplies and need a victory to boost their spirits TTTThey rowed across the Delaware River in a s s s s s uuuu rrrr pppp rrrr iiii ssss eeee aaaa tttt tttt aaaa cccc kkkk o o o o nnnn t t t t hhhh eeee HHHH eeee ssss ssss iiii aaaa nnnn ssss WWWWashington wins this important battle at Trenton and at Princeton 8 days later PPPProved that Washington was better than most thought AAAArmy attracted new recruits

14. The Battles of Saratoga, September- October 1777  The battles were fought 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles south of Saratoga, New York  British won a small victory on Sept. 19 but lost twice the amount of men the Americans did in battle  British again attacked the Americans on Oct. 7 but were forced to retreat this time  On Oct. 17 a larger American army surrounded the British at Saratoga and forced them to surrender

15. The Battle of Saratoga, August- October 1777  Saratoga is considered the turning point of the war  The French will begin to supply arms, men, and their navy to help the colonies.

16. Jump Start  If you were a Continental soldier, would you desert (illegally runaway from the army)? Why or why not?  How bad would things have to get for you to leave?

17. Now We Get Help From Abroad  France = angry over losing French & Indian War  Spain = Dislikes British, wants more land  Kept the British busy fighting enemies instead of the Continental army  Also forced them to fight naval battles  Redcoats had to spread their resources

18. Winter at Valley Forge  Fighting stopped during the winter months of 1777-1778 Temperatures were anywhere from 6-12 degrees F Temperatures were anywhere from 6-12 degrees F  Washington’s army camped in southeast Pennsylvania  Lacked EVERYTHING! ¼ died from malnutrition or disease ¼ died from malnutrition or disease  Showed amazing endurance stayed for love of country stayed for love of country Respected Washington too much to desert Respected Washington too much to desert Sorry guys…my bad! This sucks. I want my mommie!

19. The Battle of Yorktown, October 1781  Fighting had moved south and had been mostly in Virginia British General Cornwallis set up his base camp on Yorktown peninsula  French fleet blocks the bay Cornwallis cannot receive supplies and cannot retreat  Washington trapped him by land  Patriots and French bombarded the Redcoats with cannon fire  With nowhere to go, Cornwallis surrendered  PATRIOTS WIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PATRIOTS WIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!! PATRIOTS WIN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

20. What Goes in a Treaty? The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. In your groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of Paris. Since each group represents different interests and opinions, your drafts should vary in certain parts. When each group is finished, we will come together as a class to negotiate the final treaty. Some issues that need to be considered are: 1. The status of the colonies 2. British troops and forts 3. Boundary lines 4. Loyalist property that was confiscated 5. The debt each side (Americans and British) owes each other 6. Runaway slaves that fought You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole class negotiations. Begin!

21. What Goes in a Treaty? The class will be divided into 3 groups: Patriots, Loyalists, and British. In your groups, you will work on creating a rough draft of the Treaty of Paris. Since each group represents different interests and opinions, your drafts should vary in certain parts. When each group is finished, we will come together as a class to negotiate the final treaty. The questions that need to be answered in your treaty are: 1. What is the new status of the colonies? 2. What will happen to British troops and forts? 3. What will the new boundary lines be? 4. What happens to Loyalist property that was confiscated by Patriots? 5. What happens to the debt each side (Americans and British) owe each other? 6. What happens to the runaway slaves that fought for the Redcoats? You will have 10 minutes to complete this activity before we start whole class negotiations. Begin!

22. The Treaty of Paris, 1783  Terms of the treaty: “free, sovereign and independent states” “free, sovereign and independent states” British must remove all troops from forts British must remove all troops from forts Boundary for United States is the Mississippi Boundary for United States is the Mississippi Northern and southern border were Canada and FloridaNorthern and southern border were Canada and Florida Loyalist would have rights and property protected Loyalist would have rights and property protected Each side repays its debts Each side repays its debts Captured slaves must be returned to owners Captured slaves must be returned to owners

23. Europeans Help Washington  Marquis de Lafayette French nobleman who volunteered to serve under Washington French nobleman who volunteered to serve under Washington used his own money to buy soldiers clothes used his own money to buy soldiers clothes fought in many battles fought in many battles persuaded French king to send 6,000 men army to America persuaded French king to send 6,000 men army to America

24. Europeans Help Washington  Baron von Steuben German Trained Washington’s army  Baron de Kalb German volunteer General under Washington Died in battle Known for bravery

25. A Voice From the Past The dead lay in heaps on all sides, while the groans of the wounded were heard in every direction. I could not help turning away from the scene before me with horror and, though, exulting in victory, could not refrain from shedding tears. James P. Collins, quoted in The Spirit of Seventy Six

26. A personal view of the American Revolution “The ball first cut off the head of Smith, a stout heavy man, and dashed it open, then took Taylor across the bowels; it then struck Sergeant Garret of our company on the hip, took off the point of the hip bone. Oh, What a sight it was to see within a distance of six rods those men with their legs and arms and guns and packs all in a heap!” Connecticut Soldier, 1777