1. CCNA Network Fundamentals

2.  Elements of communication –Source (encoding data before transmission) –Transmission Media (Channel) – Information sent – Rules to control transmitting and receiving –Destination (decoding data after receiving) Chapter Two : Communicating over the Network

3. Network Structure  Data is sent across a network in small “chunks” called segments One channel for different uses (multiplexing)

4. Network Structure  The components of a network –hardware –software

5. Network Structure  End Devices and their Role in the Network –End devices form interface with human network & communications network –Role of end devices: (like IP Phone, PC, Printer…) client server both client and server

6. Network Structure  Devices In Between (Routers, Switches) –Provides connectivity between end devices – Manages data flow – Retransmit data

7. Network Structure Network media (types, criteria for choosing) This is the channel over which a message travels

8. Coaxial Cable

9. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Twisting provide : 1- protection against crosstalk, noise generated by adjacent pairs & 2- cancellation of the magnetic field. Based on connection layout, 3 types of UTP are existed: Straight UTP Cable Side1 : WO OWGBWBGWBrBr Side2 : WO OWGBWBGWBrBr Cross-Over UTP Cable Side1 : WO OWGBWBGWBrBr Side2 : WG GWOBWBOWBrBr Roll-Over UTP Cable Side1 : WO OWGBWBGWBrBr Side2 : Br WBrG WB BWG OWO

10. Straight UTP Cable

11. Cross-Over UTP Cable

13. Roll-Over UTP Cable or Console UTP Cable

14. Roll-Over Cable consists of RJ-45 on one end & DB-9 on the other end. Conversion adapter from RJ-45 to DB-9 can be used with RJ-45 / RJ-45 Roll-over cable. Straight UTP Cable : Communicate between dissimilar devices (PC+Hub, PC+Switch, Switch+Router,) Cross–Over UTP Cable : Communicate between similar devices (PC+PC, Hub+Switch, Router+Router, PC+Router) Using of UTP Cables

15. Fiber Cable

16. Factors for choosing Network Media  Resistance to Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)  Attenuation  Cost  Installation  Security Which cable has the highest attenuation? Coax, UTP, Fiber

17. Network Types  Local Area Networks (LANs) - A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN) : Single Organization

18. Network Types  Wide Area Networks (WANs) - LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

19. Network Types  The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks

20. Network Types  Network representations

21. Function of Protocol in Network Communication Network protocols are used to allow devices to communicate successfully

22. Function of Protocol in Network Communication Different protocols and how they interact Protocols are hardware independent

23. Using Layers to describe net communication The net communication is a very complex process, if we looked at it as a whole. A simple way to understand this process is to break down the total net communication system into a series of layers. Each layer is responsible for a specific part of net comm. ISO (International Organization for Standardization) OSI/RM (Open System Interconnection) → 1984 It provided venders with a set of standards that insured greater compatibility between Net Tech. It has 7 numbered layers L1 : Physical, L2 : Data Link, L3 : Network, L4 : Transport, L5 : Session, L6 : Presentation, L7 : Application

24. Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model  Define OSI Memorize name & no of layers

25. Advantages of Layering Simple to develop Simple to maintain Simple to learn (understand) Layers 7, 6, 5 deal with application Layers 4, 3, 2, 1 deal with data transport

26. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / IP Protocol) This model is a suite of more than 10 protocols, distributed on 4 layers : Application, Transport, Internet & Network Access

27. Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model  Compare OSI and TCP/IP model Theoretical Model Implemented Model

28. Name, number & briefly explain the layers of OSI model ? 1.Physical Layer : Binary Transmitting. 2.Data Link Layer : Physical Addressing. 3.Network Layer : IP Addressing. 4.Transport Layer : Reliable Communication. 5.Session Layer : Application Programs Communication. 6.Presentation Layer : Data Representation. 7.Application Layer : Application Programs Assisting.

29. Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model  Encapsulation : – Identify data pieces of the sent msg – Ensure data pieces are transmitted to the destination – Enable reassembling data pieces Encapsulation Application, Presentation, Session → Data Transport → Segments Network → Packets Data Link → Frames Physical → Bits (Encoding)

30. Addressing and Naming Schemes  Labels in encapsulation headers are used to manage communication in data networks MAC in layer 2 ; Physical Add ; Device Add IP in layer 3 ; Logical Add Port No. in layer 4 : identify service (application)

31. PC Identifiers (Computer Name, Host Name, IP Add, MAC Add)  Computer Name : 256 characters (unique inside only, non standard)  Host Name : 256 characters (always unique, standard)  IP Address : 4 bytes (always unique, standard)  MAC Address : 6 bytes (always unique, standard) Which company supports computer name in communication?