1. CS303ELoops1 CS 303E Lecture 8: Loops Self-referentially, short for GNU's not UNIX, a Unix-compatible software system developed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF). Which could be expanded to GNU’s not UNIX’s not UNIX, which could be expanded to GNU's not UNIX’s not UNIX’s not UNIX, which could be expanded to…….

2. CS303ELoops2 Iteration – a Basic Operation Example of iteration – building a fence: Move tools and materials to starting point. Install first fence post. Repeat until finished: Move to position of next fence post. Install next fence post. Install fencing between new post and previous post. Loop Body of loop is repeated. Initialization Termination condition

3. CS303ELoops3 while Loop — Syntax while ( boolean_expression ) statement; or while ( boolean_expression ) {statement;... } Continuation condition Loop body

4. CS303ELoops4 Syntax and Semantics of while Statements while ( ) while ( ){. } ? statement true false

5. CS303ELoops5 while Loop for Building Fence Move tools and materials to starting point. Install first fence post. while (not finished) {Move to position of next fence post; Install next fence post; Install fencing between new post and previous post; } Continuation condition

6. CS303ELoops6 Loops — two basic patterns Count-controlled loop:  Number of iterations is determined before the loop starts.  Counts each iteration in a counter variable.  Stops when the desired number of iterations has been performed. Event-controlled loop:  Before each iteration, checks to see whether some event has occurred.  Continues until that event occurs.  Number of iterations not known beforehand.

7. CS303ELoops7 Count-controlled loop pattern counter = initialValue; other initialization; while ( counter <= finalValue ) {do computation; increment counter; } Number of iterations is: finalValue – initialValue + 1

8. CS303ELoops8 Designing Correct Loops  Initialize all variables properly Plan how many iterations, then set the counter and the limit accordingly  Check the logic of the termination condition  Update the loop control variable properly

9. CS303ELoops9 Count controlled loop example Specification: Sum the squares of the first 10 positive integers. Algorithm: int sum = 0;// initialize sum so far int count = 1;// initialize counter while ( count <= 10 )// 10 = final value {sum = sum + (count * count);// do computation count = count + 1;// increment counter } sumField.setNumber(sum);

10. CS303ELoops10 Off-by-One Error int counter = 1; while (counter <= 10){ //Executes 10 passes counter++; } int counter = 1; while (counter < 10){ //Executes 9 passes counter++; }

11. CS303ELoops11 Example – Sum powers of 2 Specification: Sum the first max powers of 2: 2 + 4 + 8 +... Algorithm in pseudo-code: 1. Get value for max; 2. Set count to 1, sum to 0, power to 1; 3. While ( count <= max ) {a. Multiply power by 2;// 2, 4, 8,... b. Increment sum by power;// 2 + 4 + 8 +... c. Increment count by 1;// 1, 2,..., max } 4. Display sum;

12. CS303ELoops12 Code – Sum powers of 2 Specification: Sum the first max powers of 2: 2 + 4 + 8 +... Code: max = maxField.getNumber(); int count = 1, sum = 0, power = 1; while ( count <= max ) {power = power * 2;// 2, 4, 8,... sum = sum + power;// 2 + 4 + 8 +... count = count + 1;// 1, 2,..., max } sumField.setNumber (sum);

13. CS303ELoops13 Tracing the loop Suppose max = 5. We want to calculate sum = 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32. maxcountpowersum Before loop starts:5110 After iteration 1:5222 After iteration 2:5346... After iteration 5:563262

14. CS303ELoops14 Exercises  Sum the odd numbers from 1 to 10.  Summing from 1 to N is easy. (Thanks to Gauss)

15. CS303ELoops15 Infinite Loop int counter = 1; while (counter <= 10){// Executes 5 passes counter = counter + 2; } int counter = 1; while (counter != 10){// Runs forever counter = counter + 2; } In general, avoid using != in loop termination conditions.

16. CS303ELoops16 Event-controlled loop pattern initialization; while ( event has not occurred ) { do work; } Work must eventually cause event to occur. HelloWorld in an Event Driven Programming World while(true){ System.out.print(“Hello World!! “); }

17. CS303ELoops17 Example – Sum powers of 2 Specification: Sum the powers of 2 up to a power <= limit. Algorithm in pseudo-code: 1. Get value for limit; 2. Set sum to 0, power to 2; 3. While ( power <= limit ) {a. Increment sum by power;// 2 + 4 + 8 +... b. Multiply power by 2;// 4, 8, 16,... } 4. Display sum;

18. CS303ELoops18 Code – Sum powers of 2 limit = inputField.getNumber(); sum = 0; power = 2; while ( power <= limit ) {sum = sum + power;// 2 + 4 + 8 +... power = power * 2;// 4, 8, 16,... } outputField.setNumber (sum);

19. CS303ELoops19 Mixing the two types of loops Specification: Sum the first powers of 2, so long as power <= limit but not more than 10 powers. max = maxField.getNumber(); limit = limitField.getNumber(); sum = 0; power = 2; count = 1; while ( power <= limit && count <= max ) {sum = sum + power;// 2 + 4 + 8 +... power = power * 2;// 4, 8, 16,... count = count + 1;// 2, 3, 4,... } outputField.setNumber (sum);

20. CS303ELoops20 CS 303E Lecture 9: Loops II "An apprentice carpenter may want only a hammer and saw, but a master craftsman employs many precision tools. Computer programming likewise requires sophisticated tools to cope with the complexity of real applications,and only practice with these tools will build skill in their use." - Robert L. Kruse, Data Structures and Program Design

21. CS303ELoops21 Prime Numbers  Write a program to determine if a given number is prime.  Analysis / Design (algorithm)

22. CS303ELoops22 Prime Number Implementation

23. CS303ELoops23 Other Loops  Java provides syntax for two other types of loops  do - while loop  for loop  Any of these could be rewritten as a while loop.

24. CS303ELoops24 do-while Loop  Syntax do { //body of loop First_Statement;... Last_Statement; } while(Boolean_Expression);  Initialization code may precede loop body

25. CS303ELoops25 do-while Loop  Loop test is after loop body so the body must execute at least once (minimum of at least one iteration)  May be either count controlled or event controlled loop Good choice for event controlled loop  Something in body of loop should eventually cause Boolean_Expression to be false

26. CS303ELoops26 do-while Example int count = 1; int number = 10; do //Display integers 1 - 10 on one line { System.out.print(count + “, “ ); count++; }while(count <= number); Note System.out.print() is used and not System.out.println() so the numbers will all be on one line

27. CS303ELoops27 for loop for — A simpler count-controlled loop. The following two loops are equivalent: i = 1; while ( i <= n ) for ( i = 1; i <= n; i = i+1 ) { work i = i + 1; } } Still need while for event-controlled loops and mixed loops (count- and event-controlled). 

28. CS303ELoops28 for Loop Syntax and Semantics for (initialization statement; termination condition; update statement) loop body statement(s) termination condition loop body statement(s) true false initialization statement update statement

29. CS303ELoops29 for Example Compute and output first 10 integers and their squares: for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) System.out.println(i + " " + i*i + "\n"); initialization statement  int i = 1; termination condition  i <= 10 update statement  i++ (or i = i + 1)

30. CS303ELoops30 for loop  Initialization, loop test, and loop counter change are part of the syntax. Contrast with while loop.  Execution sequence: 1. Initialization- executes only the first iteration of the loop 2. Boolean_Expression - the loop test 3. loop body - execute only if loop test is true 4. After_Loop_Body - typically changes the loop counter 5. Boolean_Expression - Repeat the loop test (step 2), etc.

31. CS303ELoops31 Another for Example  Count down from 9 to 0 for(int count = 9; count >= 0; count--) { System.out.print("T = " + count); System.out.println(" and counting"); } System.out.println("Blast off!");

32. CS303ELoops32 Testing Loops  Check with small values or boundary values (1, 0, -1, limit).  Find a formula for the n-th iteration.  Display a trace if things aren’t working. System.out.println(“x = “ + x + “ y = “ + y); where x and y are the variables of concern.

33. CS303ELoops33 A Tester Program import BreezyGUI.*; public class Tester{ public static void main(String[] args){ int counter = 1; while (counter <= 10){ System.out.println("Counter = " + counter); counter = counter + 2; } GBFrame.pause(); } A non-GUI program for trying things out quickly.

34. CS303ELoops34 Text Areas  Another window component. TextArea areaName = addTextArea ( “initial value”, row, col, width, height);  Like a text field, except has scroll bars and can display any width and number of rows of text.  May want width and/or height > 1.  A part of the Java awt, as is Label, TextField, Button. BreezyGUI just makes them easier to use

35. CS303ELoops35 TextArea methods setText (aString) -- void (no value returned). getText () -- returns String. append (aString) -- void (no value returned). Appends aString to the end of the TextArea. Remember, to go to next line you need \n

36. CS303ELoops36 Output 10 Numbers to a Text Area TextArea outputArea = addTextArea("", 1,1,2,5); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) outputArea.append(i + "\n");

37. CS303ELoops37 Output 10 Numbers to a Text Area TextArea outputArea = addTextArea("", 1,1,2,5); for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) outputArea.append(i + "\n"); // or String outputStr = ""; for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) outputStr = outputStr + i + "\n"; outputArea.setText(outputStr);

38. CS303ELoops38 Method Format.justify Format is part of the BreezyGUI package Justify data (left, right, or centered) in a field of width characters, with precision decimal places. String justify ( char alignment,// ‘l’ | ‘c’ | ‘r’ type data,// data to be justified int width,// field width int precision)// decimal places (double only) type = String or char or long or double

39. CS303ELoops39 Format.justify Format.justify(,, ) Format.justify(,,, ) These methods return String objects.

40. CS303ELoops40 Format.justify Format.justify(,, ) Format.justify(,,, ) Format.justify('l', 34, 4) "34 " Format.justify('r', 34, 4) " 34" Format.justify('c', 34, 4) " 34 " Format.justify('r', 34.346, 7, 2) " 34.35"

41. CS303ELoops41 The Two Versions while (counter <= 20){ sum = sum + counter; output.append(Format.justify('r', counter, 5) + Format.justify('r', sum, 10) + "\n"); counter++; } while (counter <= 20){ sum = sum + counter; output.append(counter + " " + sum + "\n"); counter++; }

42. CS303ELoops42 Justification of Text Output

43. CS303ELoops43 Some practical considerations when using loops  The most common loop errors are unintended infinite loops and off-by-one errors in counting loops  Sooner or later everyone writes an unintentional infinite loop To get out of an unintended infinite loop enter ^C (control-C)  Loops should tested thoroughly, especially at the boundaries of the loop test, to check for off-by-one and other possible errors "Tracing" a variable (outputting its value each time through the loop) is a common technique to test loop counters and troubleshoot off-by-one and other loop errors