1. The Presidency What are the qualifications required to become President?

2. The Electoral College Each state has number of electors equal to its congressional representativesEach state has number of electors equal to its congressional representatives –23 rd Amendment: DC voting rights Winner take all systemWinner take all system –“ Plus two”: Maine and Nebraska No majority: House of Representatives elects POTUS from top three candidates, Senate selects VPNo majority: House of Representatives elects POTUS from top three candidates, Senate selects VP –12 th Amendment: Separate ballots

3. Duties Described in Article II of the ConstitutionDescribed in Article II of the Constitution –Make sure laws are Executed –Commander in Chief of the Military –Appoint heads of executive offices, federal judges, and ambassadors –Meet with heads of foreign governments, make treaties, and executive agreements –Political leadership

4. Term and Salary Salary determined by congress - $400,000 a year; $100,000 for travelSalary determined by congress - $400,000 a year; $100,000 for travel President is elected to serve a 4 year termPresident is elected to serve a 4 year term Washington precedent – 2 termsWashington precedent – 2 terms Franklin Roosevelt – Elected to 4 terms (’32, ’36, ’40, ’44)Franklin Roosevelt – Elected to 4 terms (’32, ’36, ’40, ’44) 22nd Amendment (1951) – two term limit22nd Amendment (1951) – two term limit

5. Qualifications Constitutional Requirements:Constitutional Requirements: –Natural born citizen –35 years old –Resident of the U.S. for 14 years

6. Qualifications Informal Requirements:Informal Requirements: –Government experience – 4 of last 5 were Governors –Politically Moderate –Access to large amounts of Money –Relatively moderate political beliefs –Charisma and confidence

7. Roles of the President Head of StateHead of State –Symbolic/ceremonial leader Chief ExecutiveChief Executive –Enforce laws, make appointments, granting pardons Commander and ChiefCommander and Chief –War powers, “protect and defend” Chief DiplomatChief Diplomat –Recognition, Treaties, and executive agreements Chief LegislatorChief Legislator –Proposing agenda and laws, veto power

8. Presidential Powers The Founders recognized the need for a strong executive branchThe Founders recognized the need for a strong executive branch –the weaknesses of the Confederation government –hold the Congress in check. Formal powersFormal powers –Constitutional Powers –Statutory Power Informal powersInformal powers –Inherent powers –Emergency powers –Mandate

9. Special Uses of Power Presidents have greatly expanded their powers when U.S. is in emergencyPresidents have greatly expanded their powers when U.S. is in emergency –George W. Bush: War on Terrorism Executive OrdersExecutive Orders –Enforce statutes, constitution and foreign treaties, direct executive agencies Executive PrivilegeExecutive Privilege –Withholding information and refusal to appear Signing statementsSigning statements –Issued to instruct agencies on execution of laws or convey questions of constitutionality

10. Limits on Presidential Power Congressional limitsCongressional limits –overriding a veto –impeaching/removing the president from office The federal courtsThe federal courts –Youngstown Sheet and Tube v. Sawyer (1952) –President Bush and enemy combatants The federal bureaucracyThe federal bureaucracy –blocking programs –failing to carry them out properly Politics and Public opinionPolitics and Public opinion –President Lyndon Johnson’s policies in Vietnam –President Clinton’s proposed national health care program –President Bush’s Social Security and immigration reforms

11. Checks and Balances Presidential checks Executive OrdersExecutive Orders –Enforce statutes, constitution and foreign treaties, direct executive agencies Executive PrivilegeExecutive Privilege –Withholding information/refusal to appear –Clinton v. Jones (1997) ImpoundmentImpoundment –Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 –Train v. City of NY (1975) The Veto ProcessThe Veto Process –Line-item veto –Signing statements The Bully PulpitThe Bully Pulpit –Use of prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public Congressional checks ImpeachmentImpeachment –Roles of the 3 branches –Johnson and Clinton Veto OverrideVeto Override –2/3 vote AppropriationsAppropriations –Congress can refuse to fund executive initiatives War Powers Act (1973)War Powers Act (1973) –Congressional notification within 48 hrs, 60 – 90 days for approval –Constitutional? INS v Chadha (1983)

12. The Appointment Process “Executive” Agencies“Executive” Agencies –No confirmation required –Serve at the pleasure of the president “Independent” Agencies and Judges“Independent” Agencies and Judges –Require Senate confirmation “advise and consent” –Recess appointments

13. What do these two have in common?

14. President Andrew Johnson The Tenure of Office Act –S–S–S–Senate approval for removal of confirmed officials Edwin Stanton –J–J–J–Johnson demands resignation; appoints new secretary Johnson Impeached –S–S–S–Senate votes 35-19 to impeach 65 percent, 67 percent needed

15. President Bill Clinton Whitewater scandal –I–I–I–Independent Counsel Ken Starr Lewinski Affair –S–S–S–Starr discovers affair with intern –C–C–C–Clinton denies affair under oath Clinton Impeached –S–S–S–Senate votes 55 - 45 against perjury charge –S–S–S–Senates votes 50-50 on obstruction of justice charge

16. Role of the Vice President Constitutional duties:Constitutional duties: –President of the Senate – casts tie-breaking vote –Assume presidency upon death or disability of the president Informal duties:Informal duties: –Member of the National Security Council –Modern VPs have been given role in policy making at Presidents discretion

17. Succession – Replacing the president Tyler first VP to become president following death of Harrison in 1841Tyler first VP to become president following death of Harrison in 1841 7 other presidents died in office elevating VP to President7 other presidents died in office elevating VP to President 25th Amendment (1967): formally added succession to the Constitution25th Amendment (1967): formally added succession to the Constitution –Order: VP, Speaker of House, Senate Pres. Pro Temp, Sec. of State –Includes procedures for when the president is disabled

18. The Cabinet The Directors of 15 executive agenciesThe Directors of 15 executive agencies Subject to senate confirmationSubject to senate confirmation Primary agencies: State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Homeland SecurityPrimary agencies: State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, Homeland Security Roles varyRoles vary –Advise the president –Carry out policy No statutory requirement to receive advise from cabinetNo statutory requirement to receive advise from cabinet

19. Executive Office of the President Executive Office of the President White House OfficeWhite House Office –Chief of Staff –“Kitchen Cabinet” Office of Budget and ManagementOffice of Budget and Management –clearinghouse for legislative proposals from exec. agencies National Security CouncilNational Security Council –National Security advisor, VP, Sec. of State, Treasury, Defense, and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dir. of National Intel Council of Economic AdvisorsCouncil of Economic Advisors –assists with the development and implementation of economic policy

20. EOP Org Chart

21. WHO Org Chart