1. CHAPTER 14 The Campaign Process

2. Nomination Process Once a candidate declares his/her intention to run their focus is on winning the nomination of their party Once a candidate declares his/her intention to run their focus is on winning the nomination of their party A candidate needs to be mindful of not pandering to the extremists in the party to win the nomination. A candidate needs to be mindful of not pandering to the extremists in the party to win the nomination.

3. Nominating a President 1 st Iowa Caucus – Party leaders meet to select candidate 1 st Iowa Caucus – Party leaders meet to select candidate Caucus may pick more ideological candidates. Caucus may pick more ideological candidates. 2 nd New Hampshire Primary – Voters choose favorite candidate 2 nd New Hampshire Primary – Voters choose favorite candidate Almost all states have primaries Almost all states have primaries

4. Primary The party not in power typically holds a primary election in order to select a candidate. The party not in power typically holds a primary election in order to select a candidate. These are in-party elections These are in-party elections Typically candidates move to the extreme to pander to party patronages. Typically candidates move to the extreme to pander to party patronages. Types of Primary Types of Primary Closed: Only voters registered with that party can vote; Only registered republicans can vote in republican primary Closed: Only voters registered with that party can vote; Only registered republicans can vote in republican primary Open: Anyone can vote in the primary Open: Anyone can vote in the primary

5. National Convention Most primaries end well before the national convention but sometimes they go on right up to it. Most primaries end well before the national convention but sometimes they go on right up to it. The formal purpose of the convention is to choose the candidate and running mate, but this is usually determine well in advance The formal purpose of the convention is to choose the candidate and running mate, but this is usually determine well in advance Used to bring the party base back together after the primary in preperation for the general election. Used to bring the party base back together after the primary in preperation for the general election.

6. National CONVENTION Every 4 years receive delegates to make it official. National chair- controls party convention. National chair- controls party convention. Rising stars in the party are introduced as key note speakers Rising stars in the party are introduced as key note speakers Each convention sets party platform for upcoming four years. Each convention sets party platform for upcoming four years. Platform is a set of planks (individual political stance on specific issues; i.e. immigration or taxes) that the party will support or pursue the next four years. Platform is a set of planks (individual political stance on specific issues; i.e. immigration or taxes) that the party will support or pursue the next four years. A platform is the parties basic ideology specified to current issues A platform is the parties basic ideology specified to current issues The party agenda is the platforms put into policies that they will promote and campaign for and against The party agenda is the platforms put into policies that they will promote and campaign for and against

7. General Election Winners of the primaries move on to the general election Winners of the primaries move on to the general election Candidates have an incentive to move their positions on political issues to the ideological center. Candidates have an incentive to move their positions on political issues to the ideological center. The length of time between the nomination process and general election varies depending on the state. The length of time between the nomination process and general election varies depending on the state.

8. General Election Registration Process Registration Process Early Voting Early Voting Types of Voting Types of Voting Election Day Election Day Recall Election Recall Election

9. Electoral College Winner take all in each state – you receive more votes in a state, you win all the electoral votes for that state. Winner take all in each state – you receive more votes in a state, you win all the electoral votes for that state. You need a majority of electoral votes to win the presidency. You need a majority of electoral votes to win the presidency. Total electoral votes is 538, but 270 would be the majority. Total electoral votes is 538, but 270 would be the majority. The electoral college vote makes the margin of victory seem larger than it really is. The electoral college vote makes the margin of victory seem larger than it really is.

10. No Electoral Winner 12 th Amendment – creates separate elections for the president and vice president. 12 th Amendment – creates separate elections for the president and vice president. If no candidate wins 270 votes If no candidate wins 270 votes Presidential race goes to House, each state gets a vote, 26 votes wins. Presidential race goes to House, each state gets a vote, 26 votes wins. Vice President races goes to Senate, each senator gets a vote, 51 votes wins. Vice President races goes to Senate, each senator gets a vote, 51 votes wins.

11. MIDTERM ELECTIONS Presidential races are much more competitive than House races, the winning margins are more narrow. Presidential races are much more competitive than House races, the winning margins are more narrow. Midterm Election is an election that occurs every two years in a non- presidential election year. Midterm Election is an election that occurs every two years in a non- presidential election year. Turnout much lower Turnout much lower All Congressmen up for reelection (435 seats) All Congressmen up for reelection (435 seats) 1/3 of Senators up for reelection 1/3 of Senators up for reelection President coattails not as great President coattails not as great

12. DRAWING DISTRICTS The State Legislature is responsible for redrawing the district lines if the census causes a state to gain or lose a seat in the House. The State Legislature is responsible for redrawing the district lines if the census causes a state to gain or lose a seat in the House. Gerrymandering – boundaries drawn to favor one party rather than another resulting in odd-shaped districts. This is unconstitutional. Gerrymandering – boundaries drawn to favor one party rather than another resulting in odd-shaped districts. This is unconstitutional. Malapportionment- districts are drawn w/ very different populations. Illegal. Baker v Carr (1962) Malapportionment- districts are drawn w/ very different populations. Illegal. Baker v Carr (1962)

13. Constitutional and Federal Election Protections 14 th 14 th 15 th 15 th 19 th 19 th Voting Rights Acts Voting Rights Acts Executive Orders Executive Orders

14. Campaign Staff Campaign manager-travels with the candidate and coordinates the campaign Campaign manager-travels with the candidate and coordinates the campaign Communications director-develops the overall media strategy for the campaign Communications director-develops the overall media strategy for the campaign Numerous volunteers throughout the district, state, and/or nation. Numerous volunteers throughout the district, state, and/or nation.

15. Polls Pollster- consultant who conducts public opinion surveys Pollster- consultant who conducts public opinion surveys Public opinion polls are polls used to guage publics feeling about a particular issue and/or potential law or policy Public opinion polls are polls used to guage publics feeling about a particular issue and/or potential law or policy may persuade congress to act or may prevent political action; may persuade congress to act or may prevent political action; not always a part of the election process; used any time a major issues is being debated not always a part of the election process; used any time a major issues is being debated Exit Polls are polls taken as a voter leaves the polls Exit Polls are polls taken as a voter leaves the polls It asks them whom they voted for and why It asks them whom they voted for and why Helps media project winners Helps media project winners

16. Raising Money FECA (1974)- Federal Election Campaign Act: 1 st broad attempt at campaign finance regulation. FECA (1974)- Federal Election Campaign Act: 1 st broad attempt at campaign finance regulation. Established: Established: 1) disclosure requirements (hard $) 1) disclosure requirements (hard $) 2) Presidential Public Funding Program 2) Presidential Public Funding Program 3) Federal Election Commission (FEC)- agency that enforces election laws 3) Federal Election Commission (FEC)- agency that enforces election laws

17. FECA Amendments

18. Soft or Hard Soft Money Hard Money

19. CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (McCain Feingold) (McCain Feingold) Banned soft money directly to a candidate Banned soft money directly to a candidate *unlimited amounts of money that can be given to a political party so long as that candidate is not named. Sharply restricted independent expenditures- corporations, unions and other groups can ’ t advertise referring to a candidate by name 30 days before a primary and 60 days before a general election.

20. Citizens United v FEC (2010) Struck down the restrictions on independent expenditures as a violation of the 1 st amendment. Struck down the restrictions on independent expenditures as a violation of the 1 st amendment. This led to record spending in the 2010 election cycle by corporations and special interests. This led to record spending in the 2010 election cycle by corporations and special interests.

21. Money in Electoral Campaigns President gets money from private and public funds from general tax revenues during the nomination process. President gets money from private and public funds from general tax revenues during the nomination process. Congress gets private money. Congress gets private money. Federal restrictions: Federal restrictions: $2400 limit for individual contributions $2400 limit for individual contributions $5000 limit for PAC contribution $5000 limit for PAC contribution

22. Political Action Committees (PACS) PAC Requirements PAC Requirements 1) At least 50 voluntary members 1) At least 50 voluntary members 2) Give to at least 5 federal candidates 2) Give to at least 5 federal candidates 3) limited to $5000 per election per candidate. 3) limited to $5000 per election per candidate.

24. Buckley v Valeo (1976) The government cannot limit the amount of money candidates spend on their own family’s resources. The government cannot limit the amount of money candidates spend on their own family’s resources. This decision was based on a candidates 1 st Amendment right of free speech. This decision was based on a candidates 1 st Amendment right of free speech.

25. Campaigns Campaign is dominated by television. Campaign is dominated by television. Debates really don ’ t make a difference unless a candidate really screws up. Debates really don ’ t make a difference unless a candidate really screws up. This is referred to as the gaffe problem- President Ford This is referred to as the gaffe problem- President Ford

26. Propaganda Glittering Generalities Using words so strongly positive in emotional content that just hearing them makes you feel good. The words express a positive meaning without actually giving a guarantee. Using words so strongly positive in emotional content that just hearing them makes you feel good. The words express a positive meaning without actually giving a guarantee. Bandwagon To convince the audience to do or believe something because everyone else is doing it. To convince the audience to do or believe something because everyone else is doing it. Name Calling Stacked Cards only showing the things you want people to see – leaving out important facts (i.e. listing all of someone’s good points – leaving out anything negative) saying bad/derogatory things about the other candidate (i.e. Candidate B didn’t pay his taxes last year, is this who we want running our country?)

27. Propaganda Just Plain Folks Suggesting something is practical and a good value for ordinary people. Suggesting something is practical and a good value for ordinary people. Endorsments Where a famous person endorses a candidate; sometimes they are not relative politicians but people from the entertainment industry Where a famous person endorses a candidate; sometimes they are not relative politicians but people from the entertainment industry In general, propaganda is used to manipulate the voters and distract our minds from the real issues. It always presents only one side of the issue and does not utilize fact. It is mostly used in political ads. In general, propaganda is used to manipulate the voters and distract our minds from the real issues. It always presents only one side of the issue and does not utilize fact. It is mostly used in political ads.

28. WHO WINS AND WHY The most recognized with the most money raised and is an incumbent wins. The most recognized with the most money raised and is an incumbent wins. Party affiliation still #1 reason why you vote for someone. Party affiliation still #1 reason why you vote for someone. Democrats have larger numbers, should win, but Republicans have higher turnout and get more independent voters. Democrats have larger numbers, should win, but Republicans have higher turnout and get more independent voters.

29. WHO DECIDES ELECTIONS? Party ID still #1 Party ID still #1 Democrats have more registered voters Democrats have more registered voters Republicans have higher turnout. Republicans have higher turnout. GOP does better among independents GOP does better among independents People change parties when their interests change. People change parties when their interests change.

30. What decides elections? 1) strength of economy. 1) strength of economy. 2) popularity of candidate. 2) popularity of candidate. 3) party loyalty and ideology. 3) party loyalty and ideology. In Congressional campaigns: In Congressional campaigns: District lines and who is included and excluded in the district. District lines and who is included and excluded in the district.

31. WHY INCUMBENTS WIN? Name recognition Name recognition Constituent service Constituent service Easier to raise money Easier to raise money Assignments on committees that serve their constituents Assignments on committees that serve their constituents Free Press Free Press Take credit for anything positive that has happened. Blame Washington (or prez) for anything bad that has occurred. Take credit for anything positive that has happened. Blame Washington (or prez) for anything bad that has occurred. FRANKING PRIVILEGE FRANKING PRIVILEGE