1. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality – Big problem in Sub-Saharan Africa (Horn of Africa & Central Africa) Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Djibouti, Ethiopia, Eritrea, & Somalia (and neighboring Sudan & South Sudan) – Ethiopia & Eritrea Eritrea – Italian colony 1890-1945 (along Red Sea) Ethiopia – independent until captured by Italy in 1930s (ruled until 1945) Eritrea was given to Ethiopia by UN after WWII – expected to give some autonomy but Ethiopia dissolved legislature & banned language 1961-1991 – civil war, many fled to Sudan, emperor Haile Selassie 1993 – Eritrea became a new country; 1998 – fight over location of border Eritrea – 5 million; ½ Christian, ½ Muslim (9 major ethnic groups); sense of national loyalty & fight against Ethiopia are sources of unity Ethiopia – still multi-ethnic; Amharans (Christians) in power until 1990s and in the center; Oromo (Muslim fundamentalists) are largest (40%) group and found in south; Tigres Christians) in north

2. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Sudan 40 million people – civil war since 1980s – Black Christians & animists in South – Arab Muslims in north – attempted to dominate the country Segregation by gender, no perfume/jewelry, women fully covered, must be with a male relative, streetlights to avoid “sneaking around” 2 million (5%) died in civil war, many migrated to south or north or to Ethiopia 2005 agreement for autonomy in south (South Sudan became a country in July 2011) Ethnic war in Darfur began as civil war died down (western Sudan) – Black Africans (farmers) rebelled – Muslim nomads (jangaweed) & Sudanese military crushed rebellion; 450,000 killed; 2.5 million in refugee camps in Sudan or surrounding countries such as Chad

3. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in the Horn of Africa – Somalia Mostly Sunni and speak Somali 9 million people in 6 clans (as well as sub-clans) In north – Isaak (took control of north in 1991), Darod (ruled until 1991), Dir In south – Digil, Hawiye (took control of south in 1991), Rahanwayn Somalia (Italian southern colony) & Somaliland (British northern colony) combined in 1960 as independent country Isaaks declared independent state of Somaliland – not recognized; have 20% of land and 40% of people U.S. sent supplies and troops in 1992 after 300,000 died from famine & civil war – withdrew in 1994 as peace talks fell apart (Black Hawk Down) Islamic militias took control in 2006 – more order than warring clans, but more supportive of terrorists Somali pirates in Gulf of Aden and Red Sea and Indian Ocean

4. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Ethnic Competition in Lebanon – 4 million in 10,000 sq. km (4,000 sq. miles) – Once recreational & financial center of Middle East (capital of Beirut once called “Paris of the Middle East”) – 60% Muslim (1/2 Shia, 1/2 Sunni); 30% Christian (2/3 Maronite, 1/6 Greek Orthodox); 7% Druze (combine Islam & Christianity); 3% other – 1943 – independence; each religion was supposed to be represented in government (was a Christian majority, now a Muslim majority); Beirut divided in eastern (Christian) & western (Muslim) zones – 1975 civil war among religious groups – U.S. & Israeli intervention failed in 1983 – Syria tried to control until 2005 when they were forced out

5. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State – Hard to completely segregate ethnicities when creating new countries – Dividing South Asia British colony from 1800s until 1947 Divided into: – India (part of India nearly cut off by Bangladesh) - Hindu – West Pakistan (now Pakistan) – Muslim – East Pakistan (became independent Bangladesh in 1971) – Muslim East & West Pakistan were one country but separated by India Fighting between groups over South Asia for over 1000 years Assassination of Gandhi in 1948 – Hindu who believed in nonviolence and reconciliation with Muslims Forward capital – Pakistan moved its capital city to Islamabad to be have greater control near the conflict region of Kashmir

6. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State – Forced Migration in South Asia Boundaries between religions are not exact About 17 million on wrong side in 1947 – 6 million Muslims from India to West Pakistan – 1 million Muslims from India to East Pakistan – 6 million Hindus from West Pakistan to India – 3.5 million Hindus from East Pakistan to India – Violence as extremists from both sides attacked refugees – Sikhs migrated from West Pakistan to India (division of Punjab) – Ethnic Disputes Boundary dispute in Kashmir (mountainous northern region) between India & Pakistan – “Line of Control” for Kashmir established in 1972 – Muslim majority on both sides – use guerilla warfare to unite with Pakistan or create own country of Kashmir – 25 million Sikhs not given own country – preferred India to Pakistan; extremists have fought for independence in Punjab

7. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Dividing Sri Lanka Among Ethnicities – Once the British colony of Ceylon until 1948 – Island off SE coast of India – 20 million people – Sinhalese vs. Tamils – Sinhalese – 74%, southern Sri Lanka, Buddhist, speak language in Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European, migrated from India in 5 th century BC – Tamils – 18%, northern Sri Lanka, Hindu, speak a Dravidian language, migrated from India in 3 rd century BC – Fought for over 2,000 years but not during British rule – Civil war began in 1983 – 60,000 or more have died – Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam – rebel Tamil group; responsible for assassinating president of Sri Lanka in 1993; defeated in 2009 – Sinhalese dominate country; Tamils feel discriminated against – Cease-fire since 2002 but violence still common – Exporter of tea, coffee, cinnamon, and coconuts

8. Key Issue #3: Why Do Ethnicities Clash? Kurds – a stateless nation – Sunni Muslim, Indo-Iranian language – Former country of Kurdistan taken by Turkey – 30 million Kurds – 14 mil in Turkey, 6 mil in Iran, 5 mil in Iraq, & 2 mil in Syria – Have tried to rebel in Turkey, Iran, & Iraq unsuccessfully – Saddam Hussein tested chemical weapons against Kurdish rebels – Kurds persecuted by ISIS/ISIL (Islamic State of Iraq & Greater Syria) – refugees trying to flee to Turkey

9. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic cleansing (ethnic purification) – forced removal of an ethnic group by another from a territory; the goal is not to defeat or subjugate an enemy but to get rid of them Genocide – mass destruction of an ethnic group (systematic, deliberate, planned) Genocide and ethnic cleansing are not the same – ethnic cleansing may turn into genocide WWII & Holocaust – Jews murdered during, post-WWII boundary changes led to more ethnic conflict Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Balkan Peninsula is ethnically diverse – Creation of Multi-Ethnic Yugoslavia North was in Austro-Hungarian Empire South was in Ottoman empire – lost territory to Austro-Hungary WWI – started when Serb nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand of Austro-Hungary After WWI, Yugoslavia created to unite Slavs with similar languages

10. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Ethnic Diversity in Former Yugoslavia Ruled by Communist dictator Tito 1953-1980 7 neighbors: Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania (1 st 3 democratic, last 4 communist) 6 republics: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro (each given limited autonomy) 5 nationalities: Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Serbs, Slovenes (Bosnia – mix of Serbs, Croats, & Bosnian Muslims) 4 languages: Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian, Slovene 3 religions: Catholic (Croats & Slovenes in north), Orthodox (Serbs & Macedonians in east), Islam (Bosnians & Montenegrins in south) 2 alphabets: Roman (Croatian & Slovene) and Cyrillic (Serbian & Macedonian) 1 dinar: unit of currency (common economic interests) Government was stable; young people identified as Yugoslavian

11. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Destruction of Multi-ethnic Yugoslavia Rivalries resurfaced after Tito’s death in 1980s Capital & largest city: Belgrade (in Serbia) 1990s – separated into 5 republics; 2006 – Montenegro separated from Serbia – Ethnic Cleansing in Bosnia Ethnically mixed – 48% Bosnian Muslim or Bosniak (in ¼ of country), 37% Serb (in ½ of country), & 14% Croat (in ¼ of country) Serbs & Croats fought to remain/reunite with Serbia or Croatia Ethnic cleansing & genocide of Muslims; Serbs separated from Serbia by Muslim territory (Muslims in an ethnic enclave) Sarajevo – capital & largest city of Bosnia UN peacekeepers (1992-1995), NATO military involvement 1995- 96 Slobodan Milosevic former (Serbian president) charged for war crimes in 1998 (died in prison without a verdict in 2006)

12. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia – Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo Serbia is still multi-ethnic Kosovo – southern portion of Serbia; 90% Albanian (Kosovars) Serbia had historical control until 1389 (lost to Ottomans) Very limited autonomy for Kosovo under Tito Ethnic cleansing by Serbs – forced 750,000 of 2 million Albanians out (mostly to refugee camps in Albania) NATO bombing campaign & 50,000 troops; UN administration in Kosovo (1999) Declared independence in 2008 – recognized by 108 UN member states – Balkanization Balkanized – describes an area that cannot be successfully organized into 1 or more stable states due to complex ethnic mix Balkanization – the process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among ethnic groups Led to WWI, more problems now after fall of communism

13. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa – Hutus (original settlers & farmers of Rwanda & Burundi) vs. Tutsis (nomadic cattle herders from Kenya 400 years ago) – Tutsis (15% of pop.) took control of kingdom and ruled Hutus – German control 1899-WWI; Belgium from WWI – 1962 – Europeans reinforced differences (preference given to Tutsis) – 1994 – presidents of Rwanda & Burundi died in plane crash (cause unknown but Tutsis blamed by Hutus) during peace talks between Hutu gov’t & Tutsi rebels – Hutu extremists led genocide against Tutsis (approx. 500,000 killed) – many fled as refugees – Tutsi rebels joined by Ugandan Tutsis and retaliated against Hutus and seized control of Rwandan gov’t – 3 mil of the 7 mil Hutus fled Rwanda into Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Uganda, Tanzania, & Burundi – Conflict spread into neighboring countries

14. Key Issue #4: What Is Ethnic Cleansing? Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa – Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo or DRC) civil war – Tutsis overthrew President Mobutu Sese Seko in 1997; replaced by President Kabila (Tutsis rebelled and took control of eastern Zaire) – Mobutu had become very wealthy while country remained poor (1965-1997) – Formerly the Belgian Congo (until 1960) – source of copper, diamonds, & gold – Mobutu had tried to expel the Tutsis – Kabila assassinated in 2001; his son took over and negotiated with the rebels, but violence continues – Estimates of 1 mil – 5.4 mil have died (war, rape, famine, disease) – Joseph Kony moved his LRA forces from Uganda to DRC in 2005 Africa’s boundary problems – European colonial powers drew boundaries with little or no concern for the numerous ethnic groups – Independent countries mostly follow the territorial boundaries of former colonies