1. Methods of Science What is the Scientific Method?

2. Why use the scientific method? It’s a planned, organized approach to problem solving. It’s a planned, organized approach to problem solving.

3. The Scientific Method Identify a problem/question Identify a problem/question Research problem Research problem Develop a hypothesis Develop a hypothesis Suggested explanation for and observation Suggested explanation for and observation Test it by experimenting Test it by experimenting

4. What makes a good experiment? Change only one variable at a time. Change only one variable at a time. Independent variable Independent variable Factor manipulated by the experiment Factor manipulated by the experiment Dependent variable Dependent variable Changes if the independent variable is changed Changes if the independent variable is changed

5. The Scientific Method Identify a problem/question Identify a problem/question Research problem Research problem Develop a hypothesis Develop a hypothesis Your idea of what will happen Your idea of what will happen Test it by experimenting Test it by experimenting Analyze results Analyze results Record all information Record all information Organize your information for sharing (graphs, charts, etc.) Organize your information for sharing (graphs, charts, etc.) Draw conclusions Draw conclusions May contradict your hypothesis. May contradict your hypothesis.

6. Problem Solving The students in band had worked hard to raise money to purchase new uniforms. The students were concerned about how hot they would get during football games and parades. Gerome determined which color of uniform was the coolest. He designed a scientific experiment to determine which color absorbed the least amount of heat. He obtained fabric samples of each color. He cut the samples the same size and folded them into pickets. Then, he placed a thermometer inside each pocket and placed them in the sun. After recording the temperature of each sample after a set period of time, he was able to determine which color was best. In your group discuss: How did Gerome use the scientific method in his experiment?

7. Using the Scientific Method In your groups, design on paper an experiment that would test some aspect of Earth science. Give details as to how you would carry out your experiment. Think about what variables you could change and how it would effect your result.

8. Measurement Using only your hand as a measuring device, measure the length of your textbook, then compare measurements in your group. Using only your hand as a measuring device, measure the length of your textbook, then compare measurements in your group. Now using a ruler, measure again, and compare. Now using a ruler, measure again, and compare. Infer and describe the advantages of using standard measuring devices. Infer and describe the advantages of using standard measuring devices.

9. Measurement Systeme International d’Unites (SI) Systeme International d’Unites (SI) Standard system of measurement used by scientists Standard system of measurement used by scientists

10. MeasurementDefinition Standard Unit Length The distance between two objects Meter (m) Weight The gravitational force on an object Newtons (N) Mass The amount of matter in an object Grams (g) Area The amount of surface within a set boundary Square meter (m 2 ) Volume The amount of space occupied by and object Cubic meter (m 3 )

11. MeasurementDefinition Standard Unit Density The amount of matter that occupies a given space Grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm 3 ) Time The interval between two events Seconds (s) Temperature The average vibrations of the particles that make up a material Celsius (C)

12. Common SI Units Length Meter (m) Kilometer (km) Decimeter (dm) Centimeter (cm) Millimeter (mm) Micrometer (μm) Nanometer (nm) 1km = 1000m 1dm = 0.1m 1cm = 0.01m 1mm = 0.001m 1μm = 0.000001m 1nm = 0.000000001m What measure would I use to measure the distance across the US? A hammer? The Washington Monument? A dime?

13. Common SI Units Volume Cubic meter (m 3 ) Cubic centimeter (cm 3 ) Liter (L) Milliliter (mL) 1 cm 3 = 0.000001 m 3 1L = 1dm 3 = 0.001m 3 1mL = 0.001L =1 cm 3 Mass Kilogram (kg) Gram (g) Milligram (mg) 1g = 0.001 kg 1mg = 0.000001kg

14. Common SI Units Temperature Kevin (K) Celsius (ºC) 0ºC = 273 K Temperatures are often reported for the public weather information in the non-SI unit of the Fahrenheit scale, not the Celsius scale. You can change the temperature reading by conversion. ºC = (ºF – 32) ºF = 1.8 (ºC) + 32 1.8 1.8 85 ºF -40 ºC 39 ºF

15. Scientific Notation A shorthand way to write extremely large or small numbers A shorthand way to write extremely large or small numbers Written as the product of two numbers Written as the product of two numbers The first number must be greater to or equal to one but less than ten (1 ≤ x ≥ 10) The first number must be greater to or equal to one but less than ten (1 ≤ x ≥ 10) The second number is written as a power of ten (10 x ) The second number is written as a power of ten (10 x )

16. Scientific Notation 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 5,974,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 90,000,000,000 90,000,000,000 0.0000000001 0.0000000001 7.3 x 10 8 7.3 x 10 8 9.415 x 10 8 9.415 x 10 8