1. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Considering time and space: the challenges of children and young people’s participation Kay Tisdall, k.tisdall@ed.ac.uk Programme Director of MSc in Childhood Studies Co-Director CRFR University of Edinburgh

2. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets “This term [participation] has evolved and is now widely used to describe ongoing processes, which include information-sharing and dialogue between children and adults based on mutual respect, and in which children can learn how their views and those of adults are taken into account and shape the outcome of such processes.” (UNCRC General Comment 2009:3)

3. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Inclusive and effective ‘participatory sphere institutions’ 1. People need more than invitations to participate: they need to recognise themselves as citizens, rather than beneficiaries or clients. 2. Representative claims must be considered critically and mechanisms to be representative must be in place. 3. Structures are not enough. The motives of those who participate – including state actors – can be competing and are in constant negotiation. 4. Three factors are essential for change: involvement by a “…wide spectrum of popular movements and civil associations, committed bureaucrats and inclusive institutional designs…” (9). 5. Participation is a process over time and must be situated alongside other political institutions, within their own social, cultural and historical contexts. (Cornwall and Coelho 2007)

4. Children and young people’s participation Empirical Evidence Time and Space Participatory sphere Institutions 1.Having a Say at School 2.From Fashion Accessory to Part of the Fabric 1.Space is produced by people and spaces in turn shape people 2.Power geometry 3.Space and time are inseparable

5. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets A.Institutional space-time B.Having enough time C.Space and time for change? D.Invited spaces E.The drama of impact

6. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets A typical meeting from the Having a Say at School research project … Artwork copyright of Tobias Cook Text from Children in Scotland and Tobias Cook, as part of the Having a Say at School project (CRFR/Children in Scotland). Councils of the Galaxy.

7. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Inclusive and effective ‘participatory sphere institutions’ 1. People need more than invitations to participate: they need to recognise themselves as citizens, rather than beneficiaries or clients. 2. Representative claims must be considered critically and mechanisms to be representative must be in place. 3. Structures are not enough. The motives of those who participate – including state actors – can be competing and are in constant negotiation. 4. Three factors are essential for change: involvement by a “…wide spectrum of popular movements and civil associations, committed bureaucrats and inclusive institutional designs…” (9). 5. Participation is a process over time and must be situated alongside other political institutions, within their own social, cultural and historical contexts. (Cornwall and Coelho 2007)

8. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Current strengths (in Scotland) Government commitment. ‘Enthusiasm of the converted’. Creative, inclusive and productive approaches. Use of technology. (This list is extracted from Barnardo’s Scotland, Children in Scotland and CRFR (2011))

9. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Transformative participation? Hickey and Mohan (2004) write, the ‘proper objective’ of participation is “transformation” of existing development practice and, more radically, the social relations, institutional practices and capacity gaps which cause social exclusion’ (p. 13).

10. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Collaborative projects: Big Lottery Fund, the British Academy, Economic and Social Research Council (R451265206, RES-189-25-0174, RES-451-26-0685), the European Research Council, the Leverhulme Trust, and the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Barnardo’s Scotland, Children in Scotland, and the Centre for Research on Families and Relationships. Children and Young People’s Participation in Policy-Making. Edinburgh: CRFR, 2011. Accessed November 4 th 2013. http://www.crfr.ac.uk/reports/Participation%20briefing.pdf http://www.crfr.ac.uk/reports/Participation%20briefing.pdf Cornwall, A. and Coelho, V.S. “Spaces for change.” In Spaces for Change? Edited by A. Cornwall and V.S. Coelho. London: Zed Books, 2007. Gallagher, M. “Spaces of participation and inclusion?” in Children, Young People and Social Inclusion: participation for what? edited by E.K.M. Tisdall, J.M. Davis, M. Hill and A. Prout. Bristol: Policy Press, 2006. Houghton, C. Voice Against Violence: Young People’s Experiences of Domestic Abuse Policy-Making in Scotland, PhD thesis. Warwick: University of Warwick, 2013.

11. www.crfr.ac.uk @crfrtweets Hubbard, P. and Kitchin, R. “‘Introduction to key thinkers.” In Key thinkers on space and place, edited by P. Hubbard and R. Kitchin. London: Sage, 2004. Kesby, M. “Spatialising participatory approaches.” Environment and Planning A 39 (2007): 2813-2831. Massey, D. Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994. Massey, D. “Space-time, ‘science’ and the relationship between physical geography and human geography.” Trans Inst British Geography 24 (1999): 261-276. Percy-Smith, B. “Councils, consultations and community.” Children’s Geographies 8(2) (2010): 107-122. Robb, S. “Public Policy Making, in Exploring New Pathways” Children in Scotland supplement, 2012. Accessed 7.11.13. http://www.crfr.ac.uk/reports/CISAUG.pdf http://www.crfr.ac.uk/reports/CISAUG.pdf Scottish Borders Youth Commission on Bullying. Recommendations. Melrose: Scottish Borders Council, 2012. Accessed 7.11.13. http://www.scotborders.gov.uk/downloads/file/3474/scottish_borders_yo uth_commission_on_bullying http://www.scotborders.gov.uk/downloads/file/3474/scottish_borders_yo uth_commission_on_bullying