2. Cuban Missile Crisis By Philip Brenner

4. CIA Briefing Map Meeting of the ExComm October 16, 1962

5. U-2 Photo of Missile Site, October 14, 1962

6. Missile Warhead

7. ExComm Deliberation During the Crisis

9. Letter from Nikita Khrushchev to John F. Kennedy, October 26, 1962

10. Black Saturday – Second Letter

11. Black Saturday Low-level reconnaissance of Cuban anti- aircraft sites

12. U.S. Lessons Crises can be managed ─ Secrecy ─ Small group with open discussion ─ Exclude and misinform Congress and public Steel Will (“Eyeball to Eyeball”) ─ Toughness ─ Resolve Superior Strength ─ Build up Military ─ Exercise Coercive Diplomacy

13. Problems with US Lessons - First Cut Crises cannot be managed Flexibility, not steel will, saved us Force or threat of force precipitated the crisis, made it more dangerous

14. US Misconstrues Soviet Motives Berlin Wall Erected, August 1961 Summit in Vienna Austria, June 1961

15. Jan. 3, 1961

17. T he next day, 1,500 U.S. trained Cuban exiles landed on Cuba with weapons supplied by the United States. Bay of Pigs

18. Richard Goodwin Meets Ché Guevara ● ● ●

19. Memorandum from Gen. Lansdale to Special Group (Augmented) -- Pg 1 Operation Mongoose

20. Gen. Lansdale Memorandum (Continued) -- Pg 2

22. Operation Anadyr In July 1962 the Soviet Union began to send ballistic missiles, other weapons and soldiers to Cuba. The build-up troubles US military planners, even as they conclude that ballistic missiles are not being installed.

23. New York Times October 23, 1961...

24. Soviet Union responds by exploding a 50-megaton hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, Oct 30, 1961 White House Statement

25. Problems with US Lessons - Second Cut Crisis management Groupthink and exclusion of information Steel will inflexibility and no negotiations; force becomes only alternative Coercive diplomacy military build-up; ignores factors such as patriotism

26. Soviet Lessons Crises cannot be managed Crises must be prevented –Improve communications with the other superpower –Achieve parity (equal military force) with US

28. President Kennedy’s American University Speech June 10, 1963

29. Cuban Lessons Neither superpower can be trusted Cuba must defend itself with asymmetric warfare –Support revolution in Third World –Strengthen military forces –Intensify internal security

30. Castro’s Five Demands Cessation of the US economic embargo and US pressure on other countries to cut commercial links to Cuba;Cessation of the US economic embargo and US pressure on other countries to cut commercial links to Cuba; End US subversive activities against Cuba, including the “organization of invasions by mercenaries” and “infiltration of spies and saboteurs”End US subversive activities against Cuba, including the “organization of invasions by mercenaries” and “infiltration of spies and saboteurs” Cease “piratical attacks” from bases in theCease “piratical attacks” from bases in the United States and Puerto Rico End violations of Cuban airspaceEnd violations of Cuban airspace US withdrawal from Guantanamo Naval BaseUS withdrawal from Guantanamo Naval Base

31. Anastas Mikoyan Arrives in Cuba

32. IL-28 Bomber (Bulgarian model in Cuba)

33. How Castro Remembered Mikoyan’s Visit -- From: James Blight and Philip Brenner, Sad and Luminous Days

34. OSPAAL : Organization of Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia and Latin America

35. Cuban Missile Caribbean October Crisis