1. Technical Overview Network Transport and Transmission Technologies &
Networking Terminology
Presented By Michael Restagno

2. Network Transport and Technologies
ISDN
T-carrier
Sonet

3. ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
Two types of channels, B (for "Bearer") and D (for "Delta").
B Channels have a bandwidth of 64kb each and D Channels have a bandwidth of 16kb
B Channels are used for data or voice, and D Channels are primarily used for signaling and control.

4. ISDN
2 “flavors” of ISDN
ISDN-BRI
2 “B” Channels and “1” D Channel
Maximum combined bandwidth of 128kb
ISDN-PRI
23 “B” Channels and 1 “D” Channel
Maximum combined bandwidth of Mbits
Each “B” channel can be designated for either voice or data.
Channels can be “pooled” to provide greater bandwidth.

5. ISDN NCFS Responsibilities Extend Circuit if necessary
Install and maintain hardware
Connect ISDN circuit to interface card

6. ISDN Customer Utilization Data transmission Connection to voice PBX
Backup for T1

7. T-carrier (Digital Signal)
T1 or DS1 contains 24 channels and delivers a bandwidth of Mbit/s equivalent to ISDN-PRI
Uses STP cable (RJ45 or RJ48)
T3 or DS3 contains 672 channels and is the equivalent of 28 T1’s with a bandwidth of Mbit/s
Uses a pair of coax cables (BNC connectors) for transmit and receive.

8. T-carrier (Digital Signal)
Installation
T-carrier is connected to a CSU/DSU which is connected to the router’s serial port.
Some routers use a combination CSU/DSU-serial card.
CSU/DSU-Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit
Used to split off the voice channels from the data channels, allowing the voice channels to be connected to a phone system or PBX. The data lines are then connected to a router serial interface and often are used to provide Internet connectivity.

9. T-carrier (Digital Signal)
NCFS Responsibilities
Locate MPOE (minimum point of entry) or DEMARC
Extend T1 circuit to equipment location (if necessary)
Connect circuit to equipment
Provide hard loopback if requested for troubleshooting

10. T-carrier (Digital Signal)
Typical T1 hard loopback plug
                                                          
1 loops back on to 4
2 loops back on to 5

11. Basic example of channeled T1 – Router setup.

12. SONET Synchronous Optical Network
SONET commonly transmits data at speeds between 155 megabits per second (Mbps) and 2.5 gigabits per second (Gbps).
An optical fiber point-to-point or ring network backbone
Connected using Sonet multiplexers
Sometimes referred to as “The Ring”

13. SONET
A SONET/SDH transmission network is composed of several pieces of equipment, including:
Add-drop multiplexer (ADM)
Digital cross-connect system (DCS)

14. SONET STANDARD LINE SPEEDS
DS1/T1
DS3
LEVEL
RATE (Mbps)
EQUIVALENT
OC-1/STS-1
51.84 28 1
OC-3/STS-3
155.52 84 3
OC-12/STS-12
622.08
336 12
OC-48/STS-48
2,488.32
1,344 48
OC-192
9, (est)
5,376 (est)
192 (est)
Classifications and Speeds
North America uses the terms STS (synchronous transport signal) or OC (optical carrier)

15. NCFS Network Installation Terminology and Acronyms
MPOE
DEMARC (extension)
Smart Jack
WIC
POE
Single-mode fiber vs. multi-mode fiber
More Telco Acronyms

16. MPOE
Short for minimum point of entry, the closest practical point to where the cables of a telecommunications service carrier (i.e., a phone or cable company) cross a property line or where its wiring enters a multi-unit building. The MPOE of a multi-unit building is typically 12 inches inside the building’s foundation.

17. DEMARC
In telephone networks, the demarcation point is the point at which the telephone company's local loop network ends and connects with the telephone system or wiring at the customer's premises. The DEMARC may be terminated on a 66 block, 110 block or a Smart Jack
66 Block
110 Block

18. Smart Jack
A smart jack (also known as an NIU or Network Interface Unit) is a device that provides remote loopback capability so that intrusive bit error rate testing can be performed to help isolate trouble. Additionally, it is typically considered the demarcation point for service responsibility.

19. WIC
A WAN interface card, or WIC, is a specialized network interface card (NIC) that allows devices to connect to a wide area network. A WIC has a built-in Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit (CSU/DSU) interface that allows the card to communicate with a router that is connected to a WAN. This is where the T1 gets plugged into.

20. PoE
Power over Ethernet or PoE technology describes a system to transmit electrical power, along with data, to remote devices over standard twisted-pair cable in an Ethernet network. This technology is useful for powering IP telephones, wireless LAN access points, webcams, Ethernet hubs, embedded computers, and other appliances where it would be inconvenient or infeasible to supply power separately.

21. Single Mode Fiber/Multimode Fiber
In optical fiber technology, multimode fiber is optical fiber that is designed to carry multiple light rays or modes concurrently, each at a slightly different reflection angle within the optical fiber core. Multimode fiber transmission is used for relatively short distances because the modes tend to disperse over longer lengths
In optical fiber technology, single mode fiber is optical fiber that is designed for the transmission of a single ray or mode of light as a carrier and is used for long-distance signal transmission

22. Single Mode/Multimode Fiber

23. Fiber Connectors
Depending on the interface of the equipment, there are several fiber connector options available.

24. Telco Acronyms
LEC/IEC CO
PSTN/POTS
PBX
POP
SPID

25. LEC/IEC Local Exchange Carrier
This could be Verizon, Sprint, or even AT&T depending upon the location.
They are responsible for bringing the circuits in to the building.
Their responsibility ends at the initial DEMARC or Smart Jack
Inter Exchange Carrier
AT&T
“Long Distance” carrier handles interstate calls

26. CO
Central Office
Basically, it’s a central point where all local voice and data runs through, then gets rerouted to the proper destination

27. PSTN/POTS
Public Switched Telephone Network/Plain Old Telephone Service
PSTN (public switched telephone network) is the world's collection of interconnected voice-oriented public telephone networks, both commercial and government-owned. It's also referred to as the Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS). Today, it is almost entirely digital in technology except for the final link from the central (local) telephone office to the user.
There are digital conversions within the PSTN cloud, but at the 2 endpoints, it will always be analog

28. PBX Private Branch Exchange Connects to a pool of local phone lines
Incoming and Outgoing calls are routed to the first available line. The PBX then sends the call either to the intended user extension or out over the PSTN
Most PBX systems today will use ISDN technology where you can have a pool of up to 23 phone lines over one ISDN-PRI

29. POP
Point Of Presence. The local facility where your IEC maintains a switch. This is where your long distance calls get routed so that your IEC can handle them
Sometimes the local phone company will rent or co-own space with the long distance company within it’s CO (i.e. Broad Street in Newark…Horse Hill Rd. in Cedar Knolls) to provide better service for both local and long distance

30. SPID
Service Profile Identifier- On the "National ISDN", "AT&T Custom Point to Multipoint" and "Custom DMS" ISDN protocols, the Telco switch must receive correct SPID(s) from the CPE (customer premise equipment) before it will allow access to ISDN service. Intended to allow multiple configurations on ISDN lines shared among different types of CPE equipment.
Each ISDN channel will have a unique SPID which usually contains the ISDN phone number along with 2 additional numbers