2. Aim: What is electric charge? (Monday) Do Now: What are 2 types of electric charge? Homework: Read pgs 392 – 394 & Study for Quiz 1. What is matter? 2. What is all matter made from? Anything that has mass & volume Examples: Solids, Liquids, Gases Atoms

3. 3. What are the building blocks of an atom? 1.Protons, 2. Neutrons & 3. Electrons

4. 4. Where are these subatomic particles located in the atom? 1. In the Nucleus (center of atom) Protons & Neutrons 2. Electrons move around the nucleus in energy levels (also called shells or orbits)

5. 5. What is the electrical charge on the subatomic particles? 1.Protons = Positive charge or (+) 2.Electrons = Negative charge or (-) 3.Neutrons = Neutral or No Charge

7. 6. What makes atoms electrically neutral? (no charge) # of protons = # of electrons Example: Hydrogen has 1 protons & 1 electrons Therefore: + 1 0

8. 7. How would an atom gain a negative charge? (-) 8. How would an atom gain a positive charge? (+) It must gain one or more electrons It must lose one or more electrons

9. Hydrogen Normally Neutral Gains an Electron = Neg. Charge Loses an Electron = Pos. Charge +1 +1 -2 +1 0 0+1

10. What part of the atom is gained or lost? ONLY the Electrons Never Protons

11. 9. What is the Law of Electric Charge? 1.A force of attraction exists between oppositely charged particles (+) & (-) 2.Like charges repel each other (+) & (+) or (-) & (-)

12. Law of Charges

13. Quiz (The Atom) 1.What type of charge do electrons have? 2.What would make an atom electrically neutral? 3.Anything that has mass & volume is known as _____________. 4.The nucleus of an atom contains both ____________ & ___________. 5. What type of charge do neutrons have?

14. Quiz (The Atom) 6.Do oppositely charged particles attract or repel each other? 7.Protons have a _________ charge. 8.How does an atom gain a negative charge? 9.What part of the atom is gained or lost? 10. How would an atom gain a positive charge?

15. Aim: How can objects become charged? (Tuesday) (3 Methods) Do Now: Prepare for Quiz. Homework: Read pgs 395 – 399 & Study for Quiz 1.How does a neutral object acquire an electric charge? 2. What are 3 ways to charge an object? Electrons are either gained or removed 1.Friction, 2.Conduction & 3.Induction

16. 3. What is friction? 4.What can cause friction? 5. How can this create a charge? The force that opposes motion Rubbing 2 objects together Electrons are removed from one object & gained by the other object

17. 6. What happens to a balloon when you rub it against a cloth? a)The balloon gains electrons (negative charge) b)The cloth loses electrons (positive charge)

18. 7. What causes the balloon to stick to the wall? 1.The electrons in the wall are repelled by the negative charges on the balloon 2. The positive charges in the wall are attracted to the balloon

19. Balloon & Cloth

20. 8.How is an object charged by conduction? 9. What materials allow electrons to flow freely? a)Through direct contact b)Electrons can flow through one object to another Conductors Example - Metals such as: Silver, Copper, Aluminum & The Earth

21. 10.What materials do not allow electrons to flow freely? Note: Good conductors & insulators of ELECTRICITY Insulators Example – rubber, glass, wood, plastic, air Good conductors & insulators of HEAT

22. 11. How is an object charged by induction? a)Rearrangement of electric charges b)No Contact is necessary Example: The negatively charged rubber rod causes the meter stick to move without touching it

23. 12. How is induction different from conduction? a)Conduction involves Direct Contact b) Induction – No direct contact

24. Quiz (Charging) 1.What materials do not allow electrons to flow freely (conductors or insulators)? The next 3 answers pick: friction, conduction, or induction 2.What method of charging occurs through direct contact? 3.What type of charging occurs when the charges on a neutral object are rearranged (redistributed)? 4. What is the force that opposes motion?

25. Quiz (Charging) 5.Good conductors & insulators of electricity are also good conductors & insulators of __________. 6.What caused the rubber rod to become negatively charged? 7.How can an object become charged without direct contact? (friction, conduction, induction) 8.What is an example of a good conductor?

26. Quiz (Charging) 9.What happened to the balloon when we rubbed it against the rabbit’s fur? 10.What happened to the rabbit’s fur? Bonus: What happened to the number of protons on the balloon & rabbit’s fur?

27. Aim: What is lightning? Do Now: Prepare for Quiz. Homework: Study for Quiz (Wednesday) 1.What type of charge is shown in the pictures?

28. 2.What causes lightning? 1. Static Electricity & 2. Electric Discharge

29. 3.What is static electricity? a)The buildup of electric charges on an object without further movement b) This is caused by friction

30. 4.What is electric discharge? a)The loss of static electricity as electrons move off an object b)As electrons move through the air: noise may be heard a spark of light can be seen you may feel a shock

31. 1. What causes the clouds to be charged? 2. What causes the ground to be positively charged?

33. 5.What can be used to protect a building? a)A lightning rod b) Made from: Metal c)Positioned: Higher than the building

34. 6.What instrument can be used to detect an electric charge? An electroscope

35. 7.How does an electroscope work? a)Normally, the metal leaves hang freely b)If a negatively charged rod touches the metal ball on top, electrons move down both leaves c) Like charges repel each other, & the leaves spread out

36. 8.What happens if a positively charged glass rod touches the metal ball on the electroscope? a)Electrons from the electroscope are attracted to the rod & flow up into the rod b)Both leaves become positively charged c) They repel & spread out

38. Quiz (Static Electricity) 1.The loss of static electricity is known as _____________. 2.An instrument used to detect electric charge is known as ____________. 3.The build-up of electric charge without further movement is known as _________. 4.What types of materials are lightning rods made from? 5.Static electricity is caused by __________.

39. Aim: How is the flow of electricity created? Do Now: Prepare for Quiz. Homework: Read pgs 400 – 404 & Study for Quiz (Thursday) 1.What is the flow of electricity called? a ) Electric Current b)Or the amount of charge that passes a given point per unit time

40. Recall Questions What are 2 types of charges? What materials allow electrons to flow freely? What materials hold on tightly to their electrons? Positive & Negative Conductors Examples? Insulators Examples?

41. 2.What symbol represents “current”? 3. What units are used to measure current? Capital letter: I The ampere or amp = the amt. of current that flows past a point per sec.

42. 4.Within the wire, what opposes the flow of electric charge (current)? (This is like you walking down the hallway!) a)Resistance, or R b) Resistance depends upon:  The material of the wire  The thickness & length of the wire  Temperature

43. As the thickness of a wire increases, the resistance will ___________. As the length of a wire increases, the resistance will _____________. As resistance increases, current ______. If it is difficult for electric charge to flow through a material, resistance _________. What happens to resistance at very low temperatures? decrease increase decreases is higher decrease

44. 5.What is the unit for resistance? 6. How is resistance necessary in a light bulb? the ohm or (Ω) The metal filament in the center offers enough resistance to the electric current flowing through it causing LIGHT & HEAT to be given off

45. 7.What causes an electric charge to move? a) WORK Remember: Work = Force X Distance b)The amount of work required to move a charge between 2 points is the: Electric Potential Difference

46. 8.What is the unit of potential difference? 9. What are some examples of voltage? a)The volt (V) b)The term Voltage is often used for potential difference 1.Batteries 2.Electric generators 3.Thermocouples 4.Photo cells

47. Batteries containing Electrochemical Cells

48. A Thermocouple produces electrical energy from heat energy (temperature differences)

49. Aim: 1. How are current, resistance, (Friday) voltage related to each other? 2. What is the difference between direct current & alternating current? Homework: Study all notes from this week for Monday’s Quiz. 1.What is Ohm’s Law? (What is an ohm?) This states: The current in a wire (I) is = to the voltage (V) divided by the resistance (R)

50. 2.How can we use the magic triangle & Ohm’s Law? 1.I = V R 2.V = I R 3.R = V I Recall: What are the units for each? I V R

51. Problem: A clothes iron is plugged into a 120 volt outlet & uses a current of 5 amps. What is the resistance of the iron? 1. Formula: R = V I 2. Plug in numbers: R = 120 V 5 amps 3. Calculate: R = 24 Ω

52. Solve

53. 3.What is the difference between direct current & alternating current? 1.Direct Current (DC): electrons flow in the same way ex. battery 2.Alternating Current (AC): electrons move back & forth The current in your house changes direction 120 times/sec!!!

55. Aim: What causes electricity to turn on & (Friday) off in your house? Do Now: What is the difference between direct & alternating current? 1.What is a circuit?A complete path through which electricity can flow

56. 2.What are the 4 parts of a circuit? 1.Source of energy (battery, outlet…) 2.A load, or resistance (light bulb, machine, appliance…) 3. Wires 4. Switch

57. 3.What is the purpose of a switch? 4. What is the problem with an open circuit? It can open or close a circuit Electrons can’t travel through an open circuit When an electronic device is off, the circuit is open

58. Which picture shows an open circuit? Electricity can only flow through a CLOSED circuit!!!

59. 5.What are 2 types of circuits? 6. What is a series circuit? Series Circuit & Parallel Circuit a)It has only one path for electrons to take b) Disadvantage: if there is a break in any part, the entire circuit is open ***NO electricity can flow

60. 7.What is a parallel circuit? 8. What happens if one light bulb burns out in a parallel circuit? A circuit that provides several pathways for electrons to flow The rest will stay lit because electrons can still move through the other branches

61. Which picture shows a parallel circuit?

62. 9.What are some circuit safety devices? a)Fuses b)Circuit Breakers They protect against a circuit overload (too much current flowing at once) by opening the circuit

63. 10. How does the 3 rd prong of a plug act as a safety device? a)No electricity runs through it b) It is connected directly to ground c) Protects against accidental shock

64. Aim: What is magnetism? Do Now: Take out a piece of looseleaf & Prepare for quiz. 1.The flow of electrons is known as_____________. 2. As the thickness of a wire increases, resistance ____________. 3. Give at least one example of a source of electrical potential difference.

65. 4.Within a wire, what opposes the flow of electric current? 5.The units used for electric current are __________. 6.The units used for voltage are__________. 7. Electrons can’t travel through a(n) _______ circuit.

66. 8.The type of circuit that has more than one pathway for electrons to travel is known as a _______circuit. 9. What would happen to the other 2 light bulbs in the picture if the middle light bulb didn’t work?

67. 10. A clothes iron is plugged into a 120 volt outlet & uses a current of 10 amps. What is the resistance of the iron? Show the formula, V calculation, answer & units I R

68. Monday – December 17, 2007 Aim: What are properties of magnets? Do Now: Prepare for Quiz Homework - Study for Quiz Test on Electricity/Magnetism on Friday Extra Help in Room 206 on Thursday

69. 1.What is magnetism? The force of attraction or repulsion of a magnetic material due to the arrangement of electrons in the atoms Recall: What is a force? What are units of force? How can you calculate force?

70. What is happening in each picture?

71. 2.On a magnet, where is the force noticed to be the strongest? 3. What is a magnetic field? The ends a.k.a. The North Pole & South Pole The region around the magnet in which the magnetic force can act

72. The magnetic field lines go around the magnet in complete loops from the North Pole to the South Pole

73. 4. What is the rule for magnetic poles? Like poles repel each other Unlike poles attract each other

74. 5. Does the earth have a magnetic field? Yes! It has a North & South Pole. Believed to be related to the motion of the Earth’s outer core (made of iron & nickel) The Earth’s magnetic field has changed over time.

76. Tuesday – December 18, 2007 Aim: How can a magnet be made? Do Now: Prepare for Quiz Homework - Study for Quiz Test on Electricity/Magnetism on Friday Operation Success this Wednesday at 3pm

77. 1.The magnetic field lines go around the magnet in complete loops from the _________ Pole to the ________ Pole. 2.Like poles __________ each other. 3.The region around the magnet in which the magnetic force can act is called the __________ __________. 4.On a magnet, where is the force noticed to be the strongest?_______________ 5.What is a force?_______________ Name_____________ Laws of Magnetism-Quiz

78. 1. What types of materials can become magnetized? 2. What makes one material more magnetic than another? Iron, Steel, Nickel, & Cobalt a)When the electrons of the atoms all rotate in the same direction or b) The magnetic domains all align

79. 3. What are magnetic domains? a)They are like minimagnets that make up the material b)Unmagnetized materials have randomly arranged domains c) Magnetized materials have most of the domains aligned

80. Which picture shows a magnetized object? Why?

82. 4. How can a temporary magnet be made? Align the domains by: 1. Placing a strong permanent magnet by a magnetic material (soft iron) 2. Stroking a magnetic material with a permanent magnet In ONE Direction

83. 5. How can a permanent magnet become unmagnetized? Make the domains random by: 1. Dropping or hitting it 2. Heat it

84. 6. What is a permanent magnet made from? Materials that are difficult to magnetize, but tend to stay magnetized Many are called Alnico Made from a mixture of aluminum, nickel, cobalt, copper, & iron

85. Wednesday – December 19, 2007 Aim: What is Electromagnetism? Do Now: Prepare for quiz Homework - Study for Quiz Test on Electricity/Magnetism on Friday Operation Success this Wednesday at 3pm

86. Name_____________ Making a Magnet-Quiz 1.State one way a temporary magnet can be made._______________________________ 2.Give one example of a material that can become magnetized.___________________ 3.The mini-magnets that make up a magnet are know as magnetic _____________. 4.State one way a permanent magnet can become unmagnetized.________________________ 5. Materials that have magnetic domains that are randomly arranged are ______________. (magnetized/unmagnetized)

87. 1.What is the relationship between an electric current & a magnetic field? A current flowing through a wire gives rise to a magnetic field whose direction depends on the direction of the current

88. 2. How do you make the magnetic field near a current carrying wire stronger? 1.Bend the wire into a series of coils to increase the number of turns. (Solenoid) 2. Increase the current (flow of electrons) 3. Insert an iron core

89. 3.What is an electromagnet? a) A temporary magnet produced by an electric current. b) Found in telephones, clocks, TV’s, car motors, doorbells

90. Why does this happen? http://education.magnet.fsu.edu/curriculum/m aglab_alpha/maglabalpha/html/movies/elect.mov http://www.horsforth.leeds.sch.uk/subjects/ph ysics/gcse/electromagnetism/images/g-phy- elmag-dia08.swf

91. 4.Can electricity be made from magnetism? Yes!!! A changing (not steady) magnetic field can create an electric current. This is an induced current or: Electromagnetic Induction

92. How is electricity produced from magnetism?

93. How does a hand generator work? Hand generator

94. Thursday – December 20, 2007 Aim: Review: What do you know about Electricity & Magnetism? Do Now: Prepare for quiz Homework - Study for tomorrow’s Test on Electricity/Magnetism

95. Name_____________ Electromagnetism-Quiz State 3 Ways an Electromagnet can become stronger 1. 2. 3. 4. What does this picture show? 5. A ____________ magnetic field can create an electric current.

96. What energy transformations are taking place here?

97. Fill in the “?”

99. The current in a simple circuit A simple electric circuit contains a source of voltage difference,such as a battery,a device,such as light bulb that has resistance,and conductors that connect the device to the battery terminals.

100. In a series the current has only one loop to flow through. Series circuit are used in flash light and some holiday light circuit.

101. A parallel circuit contain two or more branches for current to move though.