1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Chapter 17: Immunization and Immune Testing

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Immunology Based on adaptive (specific) immunity – Humoral or antibody mediated – B cells produce antibodies – Cellular – T cells can directly attack pathogens

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Immunization Two Artificial Methods of Immunity – Active immunization – administration of a vaccine – patient actively produces antibodies – Passive immunization – individual acquires immunity through direct transfer of antibodies

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Active Immunization – Vaccine types – Attenuated (live) vaccines – Contain active pathogens with reduced virulence – stimulate a strong immune response due to the large number of antigen molecules – Can result in mild infections but no serious disease

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings – Inactivated (killed) vaccines – Whole agent vaccines –deactivated but whole microbes – Subunit vaccines –antigenic fragments of microbes – Both types are safer than live vaccines because they cannot replicate or mutate to a virulent form – Antigenically weak so contain adjuvants

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings – Toxoid vaccines – Modified toxins used to stimulate immunity – Stimulate antibody-mediated immunity – Require multiple doses because they possess few antigenic determinants

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Passive Immunization (Immunotherapy) – Antiserum – Contains preformed antibodies – Provides immediate protection – Limitations: – Contains antibodies against many antigens – Can trigger serum sickness (allergic reaction) – May be contaminated with viral pathogens – Antibodies are degraded relatively quickly

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings [INSERT FIGURE 17.5]

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Immune Testing Serology – study of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum Diagnostic uses – Use known antibodies to detect antigens associated with an infectious agent – Use antigens to detect specific antibodies in a patient’s blood to determine exposure to a specific pathogen

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Precipitation Tests – Antigens and antibodies mixed – Form large macromolecular complexes called precipitates – Correct proportions are vital to create precipitation

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Agglutination Tests – Clumping due to cross-linking of antibodies with antigens – Hemagglutination used to determine blood type

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Labeled Antibody Tests – Antibody molecules are linked to some molecular “label” that enables them to be easily detected – Radioactive or florescent – Used to detect either antigens or antibodies

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) – Uses enzyme as label – Reaction of the enzyme with its substrate produces a colored product – Most commonly used to detect antibodies in serum