1. Making Vaccines

2. Effective Vaccines Have low levels of side effects or toxicity.
Protect against exposure to natural, or wild forms of the pathogen.
Should stimulate both an antibody (B-cell) response and a cell mediated (T-cell) response.
Have long term, lasting effects that produce immunological memory.
Should not require numerous doses or boosters
Are inexpensive, have a long shelf life and are easy to administer.

3. Routes of Administration
The majority of vaccines are administered by injection
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intradermal
Oral vaccines are available for only a few diseases

4. Administration Routes

5. Live, attenuated (weakened) cells (viruses)
Vaccines are longer-lasting and require fewer boosters
However, the disease agent could mutate back to pathogenic strain
Harder to make this type for bacteria – usu. viruses
Example: MMR, Varicella zoster

6. Killed whole cells or inactivated viruses
Even though they are harmless, they still contain recognizable antigens on their surface
Because the microbe does not multiply, a weaker immune response is stimulated vs. live vaccines
larger doses and more boosters are required.
Example:Polio virus

7. Toxoid vaccines
A purified toxin produced by the antigen is used to elicit immune response.
Example: DTaP
Diptheria, Tetanus and acellular Pertussis

8. Subunit Vaccines
Subunit vaccines contain just the antigens of the microbe that best stimulate the immune system.
Antigens that have been separated from the rest of the microbe
Examples: Hepatitis B, Gardasil, Influenza

9. Genetically engineered microbes or microbial antigens
Genes for microbial antigens are inserted into a plasmid vector and are cloned in appropriate hosts.
The resultant protein product is used to provoke immune system.

10. DNA vaccines
These vaccines contain all or part of the pathogen DNA, which is used to “infect” a recipient’s cells.

11. Herd Immunity
More individuals that are immune decreases the incidence of the disease and the occurrence of the pathogen.
With greater numbers immunized, it is less likely that an unimmunized person will encounter the pathogen.
Mass vaccination confers indirect protection for those who do not receive the vaccine resulting in “herd immunity”.