1. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration1 Introduction to Asian Indian Immigration Population trends Called “Hindus” but 1/3 Muslim, majority Sikh 16-35 yrs 1/3 left wives or children in India <1% women 47% illiterate Most unskilled laborers or agricultural workers

2. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration2 Context of Emigration British colonialism Famine Work available in British Empire (W. Indies, Uganda, Britain, Guiana, New Zealand, Australia)

3. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration3 Takaki’s Main Argument Immigration of Asian Indians was important and interesting because it represented a new diversity in Asian migration to the U.S. Though Asian Indians were also considered “strangers from a different shore,” they were also “Caucasian.”

4. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration4 What is the story of Asian Indian immigrants that Takaki tells? Ethnic Antagonism, Violence, Exclusion: called “Hindoos,” the new “Yellow Peril” attacked (1907 700 driven out of WA) targeted by Asiatic Exclusion League 1908-1920: 3,453 Asian Indians denied entry to U.S. as potential “public charges” 1917 Immigration Act restricts immigration from “barred zone” of Asia

5. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration5 Citizenship Could Asian Indians gain naturalized citizenship as “Caucasians”? 1910Asiatic Exclusion League 1910U.S. v Balsara 1913Ajkoy Kumar Mazumdar decision 1922Ozawa Case 1923 U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind

6. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration6 1923 U.S. v Bhagat Singh Thind Asian Indians are agreed to be of “Caucasian” race by Supreme Court Quote p. 299 Court decides definition of race should be based on “understanding of common man.” Asian Indians are “Caucasian” but not “white”

7. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration7 Implications of Thind Case 1924 Immigration Act – Asian Indians now subject to restrictions (“aliens ineligible to citizenship”) Anti-miscegenation laws (CA 1880, 1934) Denial of land ownership and leasing of land (CA 1913, 1920, 1923)

8. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration8 Independence / Nationalist Movement 1908“Free Hindustan” newspaper first published 1910 Ghadr Party formed 1914400 Asian Indians join Ghadr uprising in India

9. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration9 Employment RR workers and lumber mills Agriculture in CA Paid less than Japanese farm workers Work gangs, 10-14 hour-days Adopted strategies to cope with low wage and harsh conditions

10. ICS 20 Week 3 -- Chinese Immigration10 Patterns of Settlement: Mexican-Punjabi Families 1913-1946 N. CA 47% married Mexican women C. CA76% S. CA92% Families blended and mixed elements of both cultures.