1. Vaporization

2. Vaporization
Evaporation in an open container. Condensation rate will probably never be as high as evaporation rate.

3. Vaporization

4. Vaporization
Evaporation in a closed container. Condensation rate will eventually equal evaporation rate.

5. Vaporization

6. What factors affect the rate of evaporation?

7. How Temperature Affects Evaporation Rate

8. What factors affect the rate of evaporation?
Temperature
Surface area
Strength of intermolecular attractive forces

9. What factors affect equilibrium vapor pressure?

15. What factors affect equilibrium vapor pressure?
Temperature
Strength of intermolecular attractive forces

16. Boiling

17. Boiling

19. An Exponential Equation for Pressure
P = β exp(-ΔHvap /RT)
ln P = ln β + ln exp(-ΔHvap / RT)
ln P = ln β - ΔHvap / RT
ln P = ln β - (ΔHvap / R) (1 / T)
Y = b + mX
Plot ln P against 1 / T. Slope = -ΔHvap/R
ΔHvap = -R . Slope where R = J / K mol

21. The 2-Point Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
ln P = ln β - (ΔHvap / R) (1 / T)
ln P2 = ln β - (ΔHvap / R) ( 1 / T2)
Ln P1 = ln β - (ΔHvap / R) (1 / T1)
ln P2 - ln P1 = (ΔHvap / R) (1 / T / T2)
Ln (P2 / P1) = (ΔHvap / R) (1 / T1 - 1 / T2)