1. CSP in Spain
Cayetano López
CIEMAT
Director General
December 2011

2. The elements of change in the energy paradigm
The serious drawbacks of the existing energy supply scheme
Imply a change whose main vector is:
Reduce the carbon content of the primary energy sources
Energy saving and efficiency increase
Less fossil fuels
More renewables
More (at least keep) nuclear (Fukushima accident?, Gen IV?)
Possible clean use of coal (CO2 capture and sequestration)
Fusion (not available in the short term)
None of these alternatives are free of problems. To implement them, a big effort in technology development and political support is necessary.

3. Electricity Generation in Spain, 2010
Biomass & Waste, 3 %
Solar, 3 %
Coal, 8 %
Hydro, 14 %
Nuclear, 20 %
Wind, 15 %
Oil products, 5 %
Natural Gas, 32 %
Renewables: 35 %

4. Renewables in the Spain energy supply
11,3% in Primary Energy
13,2 % in Final Energy
35 % in Electricity
5 % biofuels
CO2 emissions by unit of electricity produced

5. Solar energy is plentiful but diffuse
The solar resource
In good conditions, the daily averaged incoming solar flux is around 220 – 250 W / m2 which, integrated, gives a yearly primary energy of around 2000 – 2200 kWh / m2. This is equivalent to a “rain” of about 20 cm of oil per annum and m2. 1,2 barrel/(year x m2)
Solar energy is plentiful but diffuse

6. CSP prospects in Spain, 2009
With Spain at the Epicenter, Global Concentrated Solar Power Industry to Reach 25 GW by 2020
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 28 April Led by development in Spain and potential in the US, concentrated solar power markets are entering a new growth phase, amidst a tumultuous global economic landscape. The CSP industry is scaling rapidly with 1.2 GW under construction as of April 2009 and another 13.9 GW announced globally through 2014, according to a new study from Emerging Energy Research analyzing global CSP markets and strategies.
Spain is the epicenter of CSP development with 22 projects for 1,037 MW under construction, all of which are projected to come online by the end of Despite only 75 MW of CSP under construction, the US continues to offer significant opportunity for CSP, with 8.5 GW in the pipeline and scheduled for installation by Attracted to promised lower costs, US utilities have turned to CSP -- through both Power Purchase Agreements and direct ownership -- to meet their Renewable Portfolio Standard mandates.

7. CSP in the world (July 2011)

8. CSP in Spain (October, 2011) 902 MW, 22 plants 2.600 GWh/y
2.500 MW foreseen at the end of 2013

9. Andasol, 2 x 50MWe

10. Andasol 1: Power Block and Storage
2 tanks: Ø = 36 m; h = 14 m tm of molten salts
7,5 h storage at 50 MW

11. CSP and dispatchability

12. Matching the utility system load profile
Source: Abengoa Solar, 2009

13. Solúcar PS-10, PS-20 PS-10 PS-20 Heliostats: 120 m 160 m Power: 11 MWe
624 x 121 m2
1255 x 121 “
Tower Height:
120 m
160 m
Power:
11 MWe
20 MWe

14. Central Receiver: Gemasolar
Power: 20 MWe Storage: 15h at full power

15. Novatec/Biosol Fresnel, 1,4 MW

16. Conditions for the RES deployment
Politics Legislation, Incentives
Subsidies, etc.
Industry Entrepreneurship,
Venture capital, etc.
R + D Technology Centers,
Universities, etc.

17. Solar Platform in Almeria (PSA)10 1 1 9 3
1.- Central Receiver
2.- Parabolic troughs
3.- Direct Steam Generation
4.- Stirling Dishes
5.- Solar Furnace
6.- Water Detoxification
7.- Water Desalination
8.- Energetic Efficiency in Buildings
9.- Fresnel Collectors
10.- Advanced Technologies: gas/molten salts 1 8 5 4 6 7 2 8
The Plataforma Solar de Almería is the world most complete experimental installation in concentration solar energy

18. DSG: An important simplification
Sobrecalentador
Generador de vapor .
Desgasificador
Recalentador
Dep. expansión aceite
Caldera auxiliar
Campo de
colectores Solares
Turbina de vapor
Condensador
Aceite a 295 ºC
Aceite a 390 ºC
Vapor a 104 bar/371 ºC
Circuito de aceite
HTF Plant (present)
Caldera auxiliar
colectores Solares
Campo de
Desgasificador
Condensador
Turbina de vapor
DSG Plant (future)
Vapor a 104 bar/400 ºC
Agua a 114 bar / 120 ºC

19. A technological breakthrough: Direct Steam Generation
Máx. temperature and pressure: 400 ºC and 120 bar.
11 troughs. Opening: m; total length: 550 m; Power: 1.8 MWt
Environment friendly
Cost reduction (20 %)
3 Mwe prototype in order to check this technology (CIEMAT, Iberdrola, IDAE, AGECAM, Navarro-Piquer)
Hopefully completed in

20. Molten Salt Receiver installed at CESA-1
Central Receiver
Pressurized Air Receiver (SOLGATE) installed at CESA 1
Molten Salt Receiver installed at CESA-1

21. Environmental Applications
- Detoxification plant for pesticide polluted waters in the Almeria greenhouse fields. In operation since June 2004 (ALBAIDA)
- CONSOLIDER Project: TRAGUA (Solar Energy for water treatment)
- AQUACAT: Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco
- VII FP projects: SOLWATERGY (Integration of CSP and Desalination at the Mediterranean Area), Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Egypt, Algeria

22. Renewables 2011-2010 2010 2015 2020 Hydro Solar PV CSP Wind Other *
13,23 (31.600)
13,55 (31.400)
13,86 (32.800)
Solar PV
3,79 (6.300)
5,42 (9.100)
7,25 (12.400)
CSP
0,63 (700)
3,00 (8.300)
4,80 (14.400)
Wind
20,74 (42.300)
27,85 (55.500)
35,00 (70.700)
Other *
0,82 (4.200)
1,18 (7.100)
2,85 (14.500)
Total
39,2 (85.100)
51,0 ( )
63,8 ( )
(*) Biomass, Waste. Off-shore, etc
Units: GW (GWh)

23. Over-cost derived from the subsidies to RES

24. Other financial data RES 2011-2020
Export – Import = M€ (2015) to M€ (2020)
Avoided emissions = 171 Mt CO2
Jobs related to RES in 2020 =

25. Thank you !!!

26. MENA-Europe Complementarity
The Desertec and the Mediterranean Solar Projects

27. Renewable Energies Problem 1: High Cost Problem 2: Intermitency
Possible solutions:
Increasing size of the plants
Advances in R + D
Improvements in component manufacture
Series production (market expansion)
Experience in O & M
Problem 2: Intermitency
Hybridation
Energy storage (electricity, heat, H2)