1. CHEN 313: Materials Science and Engineering
Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials S&T
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
Class Notes adapted/prepared by Jorge Seminario (TAMU) a

2. Required text Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering:
An Integrated Approach
3rd Edition
W.D. Callister, Jr. and D. G. Rethwisch
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2007).
Both book and accompanying CD-ROM are useful. f

3. GRADING Homework, quizzes, (INDIVIDUAL) 15%
Special assignments (GROUPS) 10%
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4. Special Assignment
Check Issues of Nature & Science; find the best topic you like
Propose and justify a topic February 7
Instructor will decide topics on Feb 11
First Draft due on February 28
Second Draft due on March 21
Final version due on April 22

5. 1.1 Historical Perspective
Early Civilivations
Bronze Age, Iron Age, Stone Age
Materials were naturally occuring

6. Historical Perspective (Cont’d)
Modern Era
Understand structure and properties
New materials have evolved
Ex. Plastics, Glasses, Fibers

7. 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering
Structure
Atomistic – Atoms, small molecules ~ 1 Å
Nanoscopic – molecules, clusters, ~1 nm
Microscopic – Large groups of atoms agglomerated
Macroscopic – can be viewed by the “naked eye”

8. Materials Science and Engineering
Property
Example (Physics)
Example Properties
Mechanical
Rate of material deformation to an applied load
Elastic modulus
Electrical
Response of material to an applied electrical field
Electrical conductivity
Thermal
Material expansion/contraction with change in temperature
Heat capacity, thermal conductivity
Magnetic
Response of a material to an applied magnetic field
Magnetic susceptibility
Optical
Response of material to electromagnetic radiation
Refractive index
Deteriorative/
Chemical
Rate of decomposition of material (often in presence of acid, etc.)
Corrosion rate
End of lecture 1

9. 1.3 Why do we study materials?
Many engineering fields deal with a design problem involving materials sooner or later
For example: transmission gears, superstructure of a building, oil refinery component, electronics, medicine, etc.
However, the problem is selecting the right material from the thousands out there.

10. Many selecting criteria affect final decision: In-service conditions
Material criteria
Many selecting criteria affect final decision:
In-service conditions
Deterioration
Finished product cost

11. In-service conditions
dictates the material required properties
Rarely a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties
Sacrificing one characteristic for another might be necessary
i.e., strength vs. ductility: the stronger a material the less ductile (malleable)

12. Can occur during service operation
Deterioration
Can occur during service operation
Mechanical strength might be lowered by:
Exposure to elevated temperatures
Exposure to corrosive environments

13. Finished product cost
You could have perfect material, but too costly
Again, some compromise or sacrifice must be made
Cost of finished piece includes fabrication cost

14. Materials Criteria
As an engineer, must familiarize yourself with these criteria
Also be comfortable with processing techniques
In conclusion, the more proficient, the more confident you will be in making judgment based on these criteria

16. Groups for the Special Assigment
Name G
Al Dagher, Ameer 1
Bond, Jervon
Bowen, Scott
Bowser, Daniel 2
Costello, Matthew
Drew, Matthew
Graf, David 3
Heitzman, Corey
Huffman, Jacob
Keller, Austin 4
Largent, Jessica
Mc Dowell, Michael
Moore, Ryan 5
Muko, Cristina
Nelson, Randall
Name G
Paulo, Carla 6
Postolowski, Michael
Raja, Fatima Ahmed
Russell, Lindsay 7
Schaaf, Andrew
Seo, Jung Yeon
Smith, Dylan 8
Southwick, Edward
Stout, Andrew
Trull, Amber 9
Van Dyke, Robert
Van Laer, Maxime
Vu, John 10
Wilson, Katelyn
Zamora, Briana

17. 1.4 – Classification of Materials

18. Classifications are based on:
Three Basic Material Classes
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Classifications are based on:
Chemical Makeup
Atomic Structure
Additional Material Classes:
Composites
Advanced Materials

19. Composed primarily of metallic elements
Metals
Composed primarily of metallic elements
Possible nonmetallic species present
Orderly atomic arrangement
High density
High mechanical strength
Very Stiff & Strong
High Ductility
High Fracture Resistance
High electrical & thermal conductivity
Typically magnetic

20. Compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements
Ceramics
Compounds of metallic and nonmetallic elements
Commonly oxides, nitrides & carbides
Mechanical strength comparable to metals
High stiffness & strength
Extremely low ductility
High fracture susceptibility
Low electrical & thermal conductivity
Optically variant
May be transparent, translucent or opaque
Some ceramics may be magnetic

21. Ceramic membrane: Ultrafiltration
Ceramic membrane filter is widely used for filtration in industrial areas of food , beverage, pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical and environment-protecting
Ceramic Membrane Elements

22. Organic plastic & rubber compounds
Polymers
Organic plastic & rubber compounds
Large molecular structures based on hydrocarbon chains
Frequent presence of oxygen, nitrogen and silicon
Low density
Unique mechanical properties
Lower stiffness & strength compared to metals & ceramics
Extremely high ductility & pliability
High degree of chemical inertness
Unreactive in a large range of environments
May decompose at temperature
Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Nonmetallic

23. shape-memory polymer clinical applications
Xu J , Song J PNAS 2010;107:

24. A material composed of materials from two or more classes
Composites
A material composed of materials from two or more classes
Engineered to achieve a combination of properties not present in one single material
Fiberglass is a classic example of a composite material
Glass fibers are embedded within an epoxy or polyester substrate
Glass fibers cause the material to be strong & stiff
Polymer base provides ductility & flexible
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) are a second example of composite materials
Carbon fibers are embedded in a polymer base
Stronger & stiffer than fiberglass, but far more expensive

25. Relative Material Density Ranges

26. Relative Material Elastic Modulus Ranges

27. Relative Material Tensile Strength Ranges

28. Relative Material Electrical Conductivity Ranges

29. 1.5 Advanced Materials
Advanced materials are typically utilized in high-tech applications and are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced as well as newly developed, high performance materials.
Advanced materials include: semiconductors, biomaterials, ‘materials of the future,’ which include materials used in lasers, integrated circuits, magnetic storage, LCD’s, and fiber optics.

30. Semiconductors
Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (metals and alloys) and insulators (ceramics and polymers).
The electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms which may be controlled over very small regions.
Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has revolutionized electronics and the computer industry.

31. Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased/damaged body parts
These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.
Metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors may all be used as bio materials.

32. Smart Materials
Smart materials are new, state-of-the-art materials for new technologies.
The “smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners.
Components of a smart material include a type of sensor (that detects input) and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function).

33. Four common Smart Materials:
Shape-memory – metals that, after being deformed, revert back to their original shape with a temperature change.
Piezoelectric ceramics – expand and contract in response to applied electric fields. They also generate an electric field when deformed.
Magnetostrictive – similar to piezoelectric except for magnetic fields.
Electrorheological fluids – liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon application of electric fields. Magnetorheological fluids also exist.

34. Nanoengineered Materials
The ability to carefully arrange atoms from the bottom up allows for the opportunity to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties into materials that are otherwise not possible.
The ‘Nano’ prefix denotes that the dimensions of these entities is on the order of a nanometer, or 10-9 meters.
This is the inside of a carbon nanotube.

35. 1.6 Modern materials’ needs
Although nuclear energy is promising, reliance on materials will continue
From fuels, to containment structures, to facilities where radioactive waste is disposed
Transportation requires a lot of energy
Materials of high strength low density will reduce weight and enhance machine efficiency

36. Modern materials’ needs
Economical sources of energy are in need
Materials will have significant role in this
i.e. solar cells = convert solar energy into electrical energy but materials are expensive
These must be replaced with high efficient, low cost materials

37. Modern materials’ needs
Hydrogen fuel cell very feasible and attractive
Holds promise in the car industry as a power source
However, before this is made efficient, better materials must be engineered

38. Modern materials’ needs
Producing new materials is great, but must be observed carefully
New materials could be great, but the pollution or waste produced during process needs to be considered
Also, less pollution and spoilage due to less mining of raw materials.

39. Modern materials’ needs
Many materials used are from non-renewable sources
i.e. oil and some metals
Materials are being depleted steadily which is cause for:
Need of discovery of additional reserves
Development of similar materials with less adverse environmental impact
Increase recycling efforts

40. Modern materials’ needs
Challenges still remain even though large technological advances have been made
For example, the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials
Also the environmental impact of material production
In conclusion, development is only good if all factors are considered
Best judgment made based on factors

41. The Materials Selection Process1.
Pick Application
Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative. 2.
Properties
Identify candidate Material(s)
Material: structure, composition. 3.
Material
Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing. 3

42. SUMMARY Course Goals: • Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,
structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offered
by materials selection. 9