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Introduction to Materials

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Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Materials"— Presentation transcript:

1 Introduction to Materials
Principles Of Engineering © 2012 Project Lead The Way, Inc.

2 Introduction To Materials
What Are Materials? Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Substances out of which all things are made Currently MatWeb Material Property Data website lists over 76,000 individually unique materials What materials are present in the classroom? Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

3 Introduction To Materials
Material History Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Throughout history cultures have been defined by their ability to select and modify materials. Can you think of a time in America when material availability played a critical role in defining culture? Is American culture currently being defined by availability and demand for materials? Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

4 Introduction To Materials
Material History Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Materials continue to change the world. Advancements in materials, technology, and science create continued advancement possibilities for each sector. Technology Advancements Science Advancements Materials Advancements Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

5 Introduction To Materials
Material Composition Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties What makes a material? Elements Consist of only one type of particle or atom Cannot be broken down Criteria for element classification Based on individual properties Grouped according to shared properties Amount of substance is irrelevant Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

6 Material Composition - Elements
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Classification of Elements Divided into three categories based on Physical Properties – Boiling point, melting point, density, color, hardness, and texture Chemical Properties – Reactivity to acid, oxygen, and flammability Elements Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

7 Material Composition - Elements
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Metal Elements Distinguishing Characteristics Good conductors of heat and electricity, hard, shiny, reflect light, malleable, ductile, typically have one to three valence electrons Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

8 Material Composition - Elements
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Nonmetal Elements Distinguishing Characteristics Most are gases at room temperature Solids are dull, brittle, and powdery; electrons are tightly attracted and restricted to one atom; poor conductors of heat and electricity Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

9 Material Composition - Elements
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Metalloids Distinguishing Characteristics Possess both metallic and nonmetallic properties Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

10 Material Composition - Compounds
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Compounds Most substances are compounds Compounds are created when two or more elements are chemically combined Properties are different than the elements from which the compound was created Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

11 Material Composition - Compounds
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Compounds Element combinations are not random but based upon specific mass ratios, such as H2O – 1 g of hydrogen to 8 g of oxygen Compounds can only be broken down through chemical processes, not physical processes Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

12 Material Composition - Mixtures
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Mixtures Non-chemical combination of any two or more substances Elements within the mixture retain their identity Mixtures do not have a definite ratio Mixtures can be physically separated Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

13 Material Classification
Introduction To Materials Material Classification Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Based upon material composition and distinguishable properties Common material classification categories: Metallic Materials Ceramic Materials Organic Materials Polymeric Materials Composite Materials Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

14 Introduction To Materials
Metallic Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Distinguishing Characteristics Pure metal elements (Not commonly found or used) Metal element compounds (alloy) (Commonly used due to the engineered properties of the compound) Thermal and electrical conductors 1. Structure Crystal Lattice molecular structure Caused by formation of metallic bonds Easy flow of electrons throughout 2. Bonding Low number of valence electrons Shells overlap to form a “sea” of electrons Electrons are free moving between valence shells Movement of electrons holds molecules together Attraction in metallic bonds is between the positive metal ions in the lattice and the “sea” of electrons 3. General Information Metals are pure elements which comprise about three-fourths of the periodic table Few are used in their pure form because of: Hardness; too hard or too soft Cost; scarcity of element Engineers need certain characteristics that can only be accomplished by a blending of basic elements (synthetic materials). For example, exercise clothing. Metallic materials include alloys, which are combinations of metals and other elements. Mechanical properties include strength and plasticity Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

15 Introduction To Materials
Ceramic Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Distinguishing Characteristics Compounds consisting of metal and nonmetal elements Thermal and electrical insulators Mechanical properties include high strength at high temperatures and brittleness Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

16 Introduction To Materials
Ceramic Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Applications Clay – Shaped, dried, and fired inorganic material Examples: Brick, tile, sewer pipe, chimney flue, china, porcelain, etc. Refractory – Designed to provide acceptable mechanical or chemical properties while at high temperatures Example: Space shuttle all-silica insulating tiles Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

17 Introduction To Materials
Ceramic Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Applications Electrical Resistors – Create desired voltage drops and limit current Thermistors – Application of heat regulates current flow Rectifiers – Allow current to flow in one direction Heating elements for furnaces Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

18 Introduction To Materials
Organic Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Distinguishing Characteristics Are or were once living organisms Consist of mostly carbon and hydrogen Genetically alterable Renewable Examples Paper products, such as office and school paper, cardboard boxes, telephone books, and magazines Compost waste pile could be composed yard trimmings, leaf piles, and food scraps Sustainable Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

19 Introduction To Materials
Polymeric Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Distinguishing Characteristics Compounds consist of mostly organic elements Low density Mechanical properties include flexibility and elasticity Polymeric Subgroups Plastics Elastomers Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

20 Introduction To Materials
Polymeric Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Plastics Thermoplastic Formed into a desired shape by applying heat and pressure and being cooled May be heated and remolded Thermosetting Formed into a desired shape by applying heat and pressure and being cooled May not be heated and remolded Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

21 Introduction To Materials
Polymeric Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Elastomers Natural or synthetic material Can be stretched 200 percent of their length at room temperature and can return quickly to original length after force is released Vulcanization Chemical process used to form strong bonds between adjacent polymers to produce a tough, strong, hard rubber (automobile tires) Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

22 Introduction To Materials
Composite Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Distinguishing Characteristics Composed of more then one material Designed to obtain desirable properties from each individual material Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

23 Introduction To Materials
Composite Materials Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Layer Composites – Alternate layers of materials bonded together Particulate Composites – Discrete particles of one material surrounded by a matrix of another material Fiber-Reinforced Composites –Composed of continuous or discontinuous fibers embedded in a matrix of another material Definitions and Examples Laminar or Layer Composites - Alternate layers of materials bonded together Examples: Plywood, safety glass, Formica, bimetallic strips Particulate Composites - Discrete particles of one material surrounded by a matrix of another material Examples: Concrete, asphalt, powdered metals and ceramics, etc. Fiber-Reinforced Composites - Composed of continuous or discontinuous fibers embedded in a matrix of another material Examples: Kevlar, rayon, steel reinforced tires, fiberglass, graphite-epoxy, etc. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

24 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Material selection is based upon application, required material properties, and budget. Applications can vary from electrical components to construction of large-scale civil engineering projects. Initial material property considerations consist of product function, environmental conditions, and material degradation. Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

25 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Refined material selection based upon: Technical and structural analysis Examination of known and desired properties, such as: Mechanical Physical Thermal Electromagnetic Chemical Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

26 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Mechanical Properties Deformation and fracture as a response to applied mechanical forces Strength Hardness Ductility Stiffness Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

27 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Thermal Properties Affected by heat fluxes and temperature changes Thermal Capacity – Heat storage capacity of a material Thermal Conductivity – Capacity of a material to transport heat Thermal Expansion – How a material expands or contracts if the temperature is raised or lowered Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

28 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Electrical Properties Material response to electromagnetic fields Electrical Conductivity – Insulators, dielectrics, semiconductors, semimetals, conductors, superconductors Thermoelectric – Electrical stimuli provoke thermo responses; thermo stimuli provoke electrical responses Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

29 Introduction To Materials
Material Selection Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Chemical Properties Response and impact of environment on material structures Oxidation and Reduction – Occur in corrosion and combustion Toxicity – The damaging effect a material has on other materials Flammability – The ability of a material to ignite and combust Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009

30 Material Selection – Alternative
Introduction To Materials Principles Of EngineeringTM Unit 3 – Lesson 3.2 Material Properties Material selection and development is currently focused on alternative materials Alternative materials are being designed to solve socioeconomic problems such as sustained economic development and depletion of natural resources Alternative materials include Fullerenes Liquid Crystals Biocompatible Materials Microelectronics Project Lead The Way, Inc. Copyright 2009


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