1. EOC Packet #1

2. Basic Information Six Elements: Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorous

3. Molecule Smallest representative piece of a compound Example: Water, carbon dioxide

4. Organic Compounds: Must contain carbon Examples: nucleic acids, protein, carbohydrates, lipids,

5. Class NameElementsFunctionExamples CarbohydratesC,H,OStorage of EnergySugar, Starches LipidsC,H,OEnergy, Waterproof Coverings, Chemical Messengers Fats, oils, waxes ProteinC,H,O,P,N,SStructural Support, Chemical Messengers (enzymes) Enzymes Nucleic AcidC,H,O,P,NGenetic MaterialDNA, RNA

6. Enzymes Examples of proteins Job is to catalyze a reaction Temperature, pH, substrate/enzyme concentration Active site of enzyme matches up with substrate shape Breakdown of food (example: break down of lactose by lactase); Cell respiration; DNA Replication

7. Basic Information Homeostasis: maintaining a constant environment Temperature, pH, amount of sugar Water- helps provide homeostasis in the body; absorbs water soluble substances; excretion of wastes; osmotic balance

8. Cells regulate the flow of molecules in and out of the cell using the CELL MEMBRANE DIFFUSION is the process that moves solutes from high concentration to low concentration. OSMOSIS is the process that moves water from hypotonic (low solute/high water) areas to hypertonic (high solute/low water) areas ACTIVE TRANSPORT is a process that requires energy to move charged ions through the membrane.

9. Membrane’s Function It is selectively permeable so it only allows certain things to enter and exit the cell Once inside the cell different molecules can be used for different purposes. Sugars are used by the cell for cell respiration Proteins are broken down into subunits called amino acids and used to build new proteins

10. Cells…. Cells are made of many small structures called ORGANELLES each of which has a specific job. List several jobs performed by the parts of the cells: Make proteins (ribosomes); transport (ER); storage (vacuole) When do Cells divide? During mitosis How do cells ensure that the new cells will have all the same information that the old cells do? S PHASE OF INTERPHASE REPLICATES DNA SO A COPY OF DNA WILL GO INTO THE NEW CELL If each cell has an identical copy of the DNA, how do we get specialized cells that are different like liver cells, lung cells and skin cells? Same DNA but has access to different proteins

11. The process by which cells become specialized is called DIFFERENTIATION What happens between each cell division to prevent cells from becoming smaller and smaller? INTERPHASE SO CELL GROWS DURING G1 After fertilization, what happens to the zygote (the fertilized egg)? GOES THROUGH CLEAVAGE What causes the individual cells in the embryo to differentiate? CHEMICALS WITHIN THE GENES HAVE ON/OFF SIGNALS

12. MITOSISMEIOSIS AUTOSOMES/BODY CELLSSEX CELLS DIPLOIDHAPLOID ONE DIVISIONTWO DIVISION SYMBOLIZED AS 2NSYMBOLIZED AS N

13. Body cells or autosomes have two times the amount of chromosomes than sex cells. Example: sperm/egg cell has 23 chromosomes while body cells have 46 chromosomes Mistakes during mitosis and meiosis lead to different problems. Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in the entire body of an organism? Meiosis Which one is more likely to lead to a defect in a single body part? Mitosis

14. Mutations: change in a DNA sequence Causes: UV light, Cancer, Smoking Pathogens: anything that causes a disease Causes: viruses like influenza, mumps :