1. Transformation and Network-Centric Operations: Insights for Sense & Respond Logistics
Opening Remarks
Sense and Respond Logistics Forum
Fort Belvoir, VA
21 Sep 06
Mr. John J. Garstka
Asst. Director for Concepts and Operations
Office of Force Transformation
Office of the Secretary of Defense
(703)
This Briefing is UNCLASSIFIED

2. Transformation …U.S DoD Perspective
Continuing process
Creating/anticipating the future
Co-evolution of concepts, processes, organizations and technology
Culture of Innovation
New competitive areas / competencies ; revalued attributes
Fundamental shifts in underlying principles
New sources of power
Broadened capabilities base
New technology context
Broadened threat context
New strategic context
A Broad and Sustained Competitive Advantage

3. Two “Networks” Technical “Network” Social “Network”
Infrastructure for moving information
Focuses on the “M” of dotMlpf
Social “Network”
Built on trust and habitual interaction
Facilitates information sharing and collaboration
Is a function of the “DOT” and “LPF” of DOTmLPF

4. Relevancy of Networked Forces
Stability Operations
Homeland Defense
Major Combat Operations
Integrated Operations/
Military Support to Crisis

5. Perspectives on Networked Forces
Joint Operating Concepts
National Defense Strategy
National Military Strategy
Capstone Concept
for
Joint Operations
Joint Integrating Concepts
Joint Functional Concepts

6. Network Centric Operations: An Element of National Defense Strategy
THE COURSE BEGINS WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY.
March 2005

7. Network Centric Operations: An Element of National Defense Strategy
THIS IS A CONTINUATION OF THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY – WE SHOW THIS TO THE STUDENTS TO HIGHLIGHT THE FACT THAT NETWORK CENTRIC OPERATIONS IS A COMPONENT OF OUR NATIONAL STRATEGY.
Page 14

8. The National Military Strategy of the United States of America
Networked Force: Described in the National Military Strategy
The National Military Strategy
of the
United States of America
THE COURSE BEGINS WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY.
2004

9. National Military Strategy: Desired Attributes of the Joint Force
Fully Integrated
Functions and capabilities focused toward a unified purpose
Expeditionary
Rapidly deployable, employable, and sustainable throughout the global battlespace
Networked
Linked and synchronized in time and purpose
Decentralized
Integrated capabilities operating in a joint matter at lower echelons
Adaptable
Prepared to quickly respond with the appropriate capabilities mix
Decision Superiority
Better informed decisions implemented faster than an adversary
Lethality
Destroy an adversary and/or is systems in all conditions
The future joint force should be:
fully integrated
networked
adaptable
expeditionary
It should have decision superiority
It should be decentralized,
and lethal
Source: National Military Strategy of the United States of America – 2004

10. Networked Force: Described in Capstone Concept for Joint Operations
THE COURSE BEGINS WITH THE NATIONAL DEFENSE STRATEGY.
August 2005

11. Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Characteristics of the Future Joint Force (1 of 2)
Knowledge Empowered:
Emphasizes better decisions made faster through all levels of command
Networked:
All joint force elements will be connected and synchronized in time and purpose to facilitate integrated and interdependent operations across the global battlespace
Interoperable:
The future joint force will able to share and exchange knowledge and services between units and commands at all levels
Expeditionary:
An expeditionary joint force is organized, postured capable of rapid and simultaneous deployment, employment, and sustainment.
Adaptable/Tailorable:
An adaptable/tailorable force is versatile in handling disparate missions with equal success; scalable in applying appropriate mass and weight of effort; agile in shifting between types of missions without loss of momentum; responsive to changing conditions and environments; and whose leaders are intellectually empowered by a background of experience and education.
The future joint force should be:
fully integrated
networked
adaptable
expeditionary
It should have decision superiority
It should be decentralized,
and lethal
Source: United States Armed Forces – Capstone Concept for Joint Operations – Aug 05

12. Capstone Concept for Joint Operations: Characteristics of the Future Joint Force (2 of 2)
Enduring/Persistent:
A combination of mental will and physical staying power that enables a joint force to sustain staying power while breaking the adversaries.
Precise:
The ability to act directly upon key elements and processes to enable commanders to shape situation or battlespace in order to generate the desired effects while minimizing unintended effects and contributing to the most effective use of resources.
Fast:
Key to effectively controlling tempo is the ability to be faster than the adversary or situational events. The speed at which forces maneuver and engage, or decisions are made or relief is provided, will largely determine operational successes or failure.
Agile:
An agile joint force has the ability to move quickly and seamlessly to diffuse (or help to diffuse) a crisis situation or effectively operate inside the decision loop of even the most capable adversary.
Lethal:
This is the ability to destroy an adversary and/or his systems in all conditions and environment when required.
The future joint force should be:
fully integrated
networked
adaptable
expeditionary
It should have decision superiority
It should be decentralized,
and lethal
Source: United States Armed Forces – Capstone Concept for Joint Operations – Aug 05

13. How a Networked Force Operates: Network Centric Warfare
Creates an Information Advantage and translates it into a decisive Warfighting Advantage
Information Advantage - enabled by the robust networking of well informed geographically dispersed forces
Characterized by:
- Information sharing
- Shared situational awareness
- Knowledge of commander’s intent
Warfighting Advantage - exploits behavioral change and new doctrine to enable:
- Self-synchronization
- Speed of command
- Increased combat power
Network Centric Warfare (NCW) is the embodiment of an Information Age transformation of the DoD
NCW involves a new way of thinking about:
how we accomplish our missions
how we organize and interrelate
how we acquire and field the systems that support us
Network-centric warfare is enabled by the robust networking of the warfighting force and the supporting DoD enterprise
Networking enables the force to create an asymmetric information advantage that is based on information sharing
Sharing information, knowing where the enemy is, where you are, where your buddies are and sharing that information across every weapons platform in the fight enables the force to develop shared situational awareness and creates a significant force multiplier
A mature network-centric force has the ability to share information between sensors, regardless of platform, between commaders, regardless of location, and shooters, regardless of service
This definition may sound simplistic, but it describes a force that doesn’t exist in a mature state in the armed forces of any military today. For example, how well are we netted across the Across services? From sensors to shooters? The interagency? National forces to allies?
NCW moves the department to the next level of Jointness envisioned in Joint Vision 2020.”
Sharing information, knowing where the enemy is, where you are, where your buddies are and sharing that information across every weapons platform in the fight creates and incredible force multiplier.
This is not a new idea but we’ve never really fully implemented the concept across the full joint or inter-agency organizations to the extent necessary to be the ultimate fighting force…where it has been implemented, success has followed. (Details on next slide)
Look at the way the Air Force manages an air battle. How different and less lethal would the AF be if we withdrew the AWACS from the picture. How about if we removed the AEGIS radar from Navy Theater Air Missile Defense--or if we limited the AH-64Ds ability to identify blue forces.
Exploits Order of Magnitude Improvement in Information Sharing

14. Order of Magnitude Change …Historical Insights
Characteristics of New Sources of Competitive Advantage
Order of magnitude change in a key dimension of warfare
Emergence of “New Warfighting Elite” – Displacement of “Existing Elite”
Land Warfare: Sustained Rate of Fire
Rifle (1.8 x 101 rounds per minute)
Machine Gun (6 x 102 rounds per minute)
Land Warfare: Sustained Speed Maneuver
Cavalry + Infantry
Mechanized Armor + Infantry + Air Power + Radio
Warfare at Sea: Range of Engagement
Battleship: 1.8 x 101 miles
Carrier Aviation: 1.8 x 102 miles
Air Warfare: Range of Engagement
Artillery: .7 x 101 miles (Standard Artillery) to
7 x 101 miles (70 Miles - Long Range German Artillery in WWI )
Long Range Bomber: 8.5 x 102 miles (Combat Radius for B-17) to
18 x 102 miles ( Combat Radius for B-29)

15. Domains of Warfare Shared Situational Situational Strike Maneuver
Understanding
Awareness
Assessment
Social
Domain
Leadership
Unit Cohesion
Morale
Situational
Understanding
Awareness
Assessment
Cognitive
Domain
Mind of the Warfighter
Information
Domain
Where Information is Created , Shared …..
Advances in the Information Domain (need to think about this chart because we have not yey introduced the domains --- perhaps we forget about the chart and keep to words or redo the chart to eliminate reference to the domains)
Until quite recent times (see figure above), the capability to collect, record, store, process, and disseminate information were extremely limited. This in turn limited the ability of commanders to know what was going on and their ability to communicate with their subordinates. These limitations affected the ways in which militaries have been able to operate. Even though many advances have taken place, particularly since the introduction of the telegraph, our ability to collect, process, and dissemination information continue to constraint how we operate today.
In the section on command and control (Chapter ?) we will explore the various ways forces have organized, the manner in which command and control has been exercised, and the relationships among organization, command and control, and information and communications technologies. Here we will very briefly review the nature of the advances in information-related technologies, the most significant of which, arguably those related to the internet, have taken place in the last ten years.
For the better part of history information processing took place within the brain and communications was limited to runner, rider, semiphor, drums, or carrier pigeon.
Strike
Maneuver
Protect
Support
Physical
Domain

16. Information-Age Warfare …Sources of Advantage
Social Domain
Cultural Awareness
Cognitive Domain
Cognitive Advantage
Conveyed Commander’s Intent
Plan, Organize, Deploy, Employ and Sustain Cycle
Shared Awareness
Compressed Operations
Network
Centric
Operations
Information Domain
Physical Domain
Force Advantage
Position Advantage
Information Advantage
Precision Force
Speed and Access

17. Tenets of Network Centric Operations …The New Value Chain – High Level
A Robustly Networked Force Improves Information Sharing
Information Sharing And Collaboration Enhances the Quality of Information and Shared Situational Awareness
Shared Situational Awareness Enables Collaboration and Self Synchronization and Enhances Sustainability and Speed of Command
These in Turn Dramatically Increase Mission Effectiveness
Tenets of NCW: A Hypothesis Regarding Sources of Power
Physical Domain
Cognitive + Social Domains
Information Domain
Collaboration
Shared
Situational Awareness
Quality of Information
Self Synchronization
New
Processes
Mission Effectiveness
Robustly Networked Force
Information Sharing

18. Cognitive & Social Domains
The NCO Value Chain …Expanded
Cognitive & Social Domains
Individual Situational Awareness
Decision
Making
Information Sharing
Shared Situational Awareness
Mission Effectiveness
“Networked” Force
Common
“Picture”
Quality of Information
Self
Synchronization
Collaboration
Information Domain
Physical Domain

19. An Operational Picture

20. A Tactical Picture CAV SQDN (RSTA) Route Recon Recon OBJ BlazeII
OOO II
OOO
SUPPORTING EFFORT
Attack to clear enemy forces in disruption zone
Isolate the OBJ Blaze II
OOO
MAIN EFFORT
Follow and Attack to seize OBJ Blaze

21. What Matters? Common “Picture”
Individual Situational Awareness
Decision
Making
Information Sharing
Shared Situational Awareness
Mission Effectiveness
“Networked” Force
Common
“Picture”
Quality of Information
Self
Synchronization
Collaboration
Common “Picture”
Enables increased individual situational awareness
Higher level of awareness achieved faster
Enables increased shared situational awareness
Can be enabled by collaboration and information sharing via chat
Increased Situational Awareness (Individual + Shared)
Contributes to increased speed of command
Accelerates tactical actions (fires, maneuver, support)

22. Network Centric Operations Case Studies
Focus on behavior of networked military organizations
Examine exercises, combat operations, and peace keeping operations
Explore how US forces, US led coalition forces, NATO forces, and US allies operate with varying degrees of networking capabilities
Employ a conceptual framework and a rigorous data collection and analysis methodology
Provide insights into how organizations transform to enable network-centric operations
Quantify the operational impact of networking
Quantify Mission Effectiveness of Networked Forces
Increases for high intensity conflict range from 1.5 x to 10 x
Demonstrate the value of connecting “less than perfect networks”
Benefit of 10x to 100x improvement in information position
Identify what really matters to the warfighter
Improvement of situational awareness for commanders and their forces

23. Military Support Stability
Networked Forces: NCO Case Studies Provide Evidence Base for Increased Operational Effectiveness
Military Support
to Crisis
Stability
Operations
Major Combat
Operations
TF-50 (OEF)
NSWG I (OEF/OIF)
SARS: Singapore
Stryker BCT (OIF)
Military Support to
Crisis:
Netherlands
Stryker BCT (JRTC)
V Corps/3 ID (OIF)
NCO in SASO
UK Low Intensity Conflict
Air-to-Air (JTIDS)
NRF Assessment
– NRF 5:
Earthquake Relief
Hurricane Katrina
Response
Air-to-Ground
(DCX-I /OEF/OIF)
NATO Task Force Fox
Air-to-Ground w/ SOF (OIF)
Joint Urban Operations
Coalition Maritime Ops
(OIF)
US/UK Coalition (OIF)
NATO ACE Mobile Force Land
Complete – Available Online
Complete – Under Peer Review
On-Going
Planned
NATO Response Force (NRF)
Assessment – NRF 4

24. Current Case Study Partners
UK MoD
US/UK Coalition Ops during OIF Major Combat Ops (MCO)
Low Intensity Operations
Singapore MoD
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
Netherlands Armed Forces
Military Support to Crisis Operations
Allied Command Transformation
NATO Response Force Assessment
OSD(HD)
SARS
HQ USAF/A8XC + SAF/XCIE
Western Iraq during OIF MCO
Network Enabled Air-to-Ground Ops
Army War College
V Corps/3rd ID during OIF MCO

25. Transformation Process: Future Vision
People
People
Organization
Organization
“Business
Case”
Process
Process
Technology
Technology
Initial
Capability
Vision of
Future Capability

26. Transformation Process: Key Elements of Capability
Technology
Communications/Networking
Voice + Data + Video
Computing
Storage
Software Applications
Security / Information Assurance
People
Leadership
Learning: Training, Rehearsal
Learning: Education
Individual Incentives
Personnel Management
Process
Doctrine
Mission
Tactics, Techniques, Procedures
Rehearsal
Lessons Learned
Organization
Organizational Structure
Organizational Relationships
Organizational Incentives
Organizational Behavior

27. Transformation Process - What Often Happens: Technology Leads
People Innovation
People
People
Organizational Innovation
Organization
Organization
Process Innovation
Process
Process
Technology Innovation
Technology
Technology
Initial
Capability
Evolving
Capability

28. Organizational Innovation Technology Innovation
Transformation Process - Realizing the Benefits: Technology + Process Innovation
People Innovation
People
People
Organizational Innovation
Organization
Organization
Process Innovation
Process
Process
Technology Innovation
Technology
Technology
Initial
Capability
Evolving
Capability

29. Organizational Innovation Technology Innovation
Transformation Process - Realizing the Benefits: Technology + Organization + Process + People Innovation
People Innovation
People
People
Organizational Innovation
Organization
Organization
Process Innovation
Process
Process
Technology Innovation
Technology
Technology
Initial
Capability
Evolving
Capability

30. Transformation Challenge: Overcoming Impediments to Innovation
Vision and Leadership are key to overcoming Impediments to Innovation
Individual Behavior
Organizational Behavior
Organizational Values
Organizational Incentives
Organizational Structure
Organizational Processes
People
Innovation
Cognitive &
Social
Domains
Organizational
Innovation
Process
Innovation
Information
Domain
“New
Concepts”
Advances in the Information Domain (need to think about this chart because we have not yey introduced the domains --- perhaps we forget about the chart and keep to words or redo the chart to eliminate reference to the domains)
Until quite recent times (see figure above), the capability to collect, record, store, process, and disseminate information were extremely limited. This in turn limited the ability of commanders to know what was going on and their ability to communicate with their subordinates. These limitations affected the ways in which militaries have been able to operate. Even though many advances have taken place, particularly since the introduction of the telegraph, our ability to collect, process, and dissemination information continue to constraint how we operate today.
In the section on command and control (Chapter ?) we will explore the various ways forces have organized, the manner in which command and control has been exercised, and the relationships among organization, command and control, and information and communications technologies. Here we will very briefly review the nature of the advances in information-related technologies, the most significant of which, arguably those related to the internet, have taken place in the last ten years.
For the better part of history information processing took place within the brain and communications was limited to runner, rider, semiphor, drums, or carrier pigeon.
Platform “Technologies”
Information “Technologies”
Technology
Innovation
Physical
Domain
Increasing Level of Difficulty for Change

31. Conclusions
Networking can have a significant positive impact on the operational effectiveness and efficiency of networked organizations across the spectrum of operations.
Transformation requires co-evolution of people, process, organization, and technology.

32. Conclusions

33. Getting the Theory Right: Understanding the Potential Impact of Technology on Organizational Effectiveness
Organization
Process
(Mission)
Process
Performance
Technology
Information
People

34. Tenets of Network Centric Operations
A robustly networked force improves information sharing
Information sharing and collaboration enhances the quality of information and shared situational awareness
Shared situational awareness enables collaboration and self synchronization, and enhances sustainability and speed of command
These in turn dramatically increase mission effectiveness
Organization
Robustly
Networked
Force
Process
(Mission)
Process
Performance
Technology
Information
Information Sharing
Quality of Information
Increased
Mission
Effectiveness
Collaboration
Self-Synchronization
Speed of Command
People
Situational
Awareness