1. Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces in the lowermost mantle, and Plume Generation Zones at their margins Bernhard Steinberger Collaborators: Kevin Burke (University of Houston), Trond Torsvik, Mark Smethurst (NGU), Thorsten Becker (University of Southern California)

2. Where do mantle plumes originate from? Is there a chemically distinct reservoir in the mantle, and if so, where and how large is it?

4. Richards, Duncan, Courtillot (1989): Flood basalts and hotspot tracks: Plume heads and tails

5. Montelli et al. (2006) Mantle tomography beneath Hawaii

7. Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) could be more representative of deep mantle plumes

8. Reconstructed LIP eruption sites (circles) and hotspots (crosses) plotted on smean tomography model in lowermost mantle. Blobs with other color scale for steep gradients Plume heads from the edges (-1% contour) of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) Steep gradients along the same contour

9. Masters et al. (2000) Anti-correlation of shear wave velocity and bulk sound velocity v c =(K s /  ) 1/2 in lowermost mantle

10. Density anomaly (degrees 2, 4, 6) determined directly using normal modes (Ishii and Tromp, 2004)

11. Wang and Wen (2004) VLVP (Very Low Velocity Province) has rapidly varying thicknesses from 300 to 0 km, steeply dipping edges... structural and velocity features unambiguously indicate that the VLVP is compositionally distinct.”

12. Further evidence (more quantitative) that those proposed chemically distinct bodies actually exist for what they look like that the coincidence of reconstructed LIPs and LLSVP boundaries is extremely unlikely to result by pure chance

13. Bimodal distribution

15. Frequency distribution of seismic velocity smean model (Becker and Boschi, 2002) Depth 2799 km (91 km above CMB)

16. Frequency distribution of seismic velocity smean model (continuous lines) Castle et al. (2000) (dotted) Kuo et al. (2000) (dashed)

17. 1 % contours of smean tomography model - contours of chemically distinct piles?

19. Reconstructed LIPs and hotspots with Kuo et al. (2000) D'' model

20. DON TUZOJASON GILL Reconstructed LIPs and hotspots with Castle et al. (2000) D'' model

21. Scoresheet TUZO JASON (African) (Pacific) total Volume 8.4 (6.2) ·10 9 km 3 5.8 (5.3)·10 9 km 3 14.2·10 9 km 3 (4.9 ·10 9 km 3 Wang and Wen, 2004) % of mantle 0.94% (0.69%) 0.65% (0.59%) 1.59% Mass 4.5 (3.4) ·10 22 kg 3.1 (2.9)·10 22 kg 7.7·10 22 kg % of mantle 1.13% (0.84%) 0.79% (0.73%) 1.91% Area on CMB 1.6 ·10 7 km 2 1.6 ·10 7 km 2 3.2 ·10 7 km 2 (1.8 ·10 7 km 2 Wang and Wen, 2004) % of CMB 10.2% 10.6% 20.9% Max. height ~1800 (600) km ~1400 (600) km “Center of mass” (latitude, longitude, ave. elevation above CMB) bottom layer 17.0°S 13.6°E 11.4°S 164.3°W bottom 4 ~s 15.7°S 12.0°E 229km 10.9°S 162.4°W 192km 211km total 15.6°S 13.0°E 409km 11.0°S 162.9°W 239km 339km

22. Reconstructed LIPs (here: global moving hotspot reference frame) close to +13 m contour of geoid Similar shape of LLSVPs and geoid highs away from subduction zones

23. Correlation of LIPs (paleomagnetic frame) with tomography (thick lines) and gradients Calculations done by Thorsten Becker

24. Belts with 5 ° half width on either side of -0.96% contour occupy 23.5% of CMB 18 out of 24 reconstructed LIPs within belts Probability for 18 out of 24 or more randomly chosen points to lie within 23.5% area is ~1/7,000,000

25. Probability for number of LIPs found within a certain distance of LLSVP/LSVP margins or higher number to occur for random points Dashed lines: In situ LIPs Continuous lines: reconstructed LIPs (paleomagnetic reference frame) LLSVP/LSVP margins inferred from smean lowermost layer Castle et al. (2000) Kuo et al. (2000)

26. Correspondence between top and base of mantle: Continents LLSVPs oceanic lithosphere D'' material between LLSVPs subducted slabs mantle plumes negatively buoyant positively buoyant sinking rising cooling down heating up surface CMB subduction zones "Plume Generation Zones"

27. Plate tectonics: Oceanic lithosphere cools down at the surface and gradually becomes negatively buoyant. It moves towards subduction zones, mostly at the edges of chemically distinct and positively buoyant continents, where it sinks back into the mantle, in the form of subducted slabs. Dynamics of D'': D'' material outside LLSVPs heats up at the CMB and gradually becomes positively buoyant. It moves towards “Plume generation zones”, mostly at the edges of chemically distinct and negatively buoyant LLSVPs, where it rises back into the mantle, in the form of mantle plumes.

28. Q: Where do mantle plumes originate from? Q: Is there a chemically distinct reservoir in the mantle, and if so, where and how large is it?

29. Q: Where do mantle plumes originate from? A: From the lowermost mantle (at least those causing LIP eruptions), more specifically from the Plume Generation Zones at the edges of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) Q: Is there a chemically distinct reservoir in the mantle, and if so, where and how large is it?

30. Q: Where do mantle plumes originate from? A: From the lowermost mantle (at least those causing LIP eruptions), more specifically from the Plume Generation Zones at the edges of Large Low Shear Velocity Provinces (LLSVPs) Q: Is there a chemically distinct reservoir in the mantle, and if so, where and how large is it? A: Yes, the African and Pacific LLSVPs. Each of them contains about 1 % of mantle mass.