1. Research Methodology Abdulelah Nuqali Intern

2. What it’s made ofHow it works

3. What it’s made of

4. The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol Which is helping the investigator to organize her/his research in a logical, focused, and efficient way

5. Research questions Background and significance Design Subjects Variables Statistical issues

6. Should people eat more fish?

7. How often do Saudi people eat fish?

8. Does eating fish lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?

9. Do fish oil supplements have the same effects on cardiovascular disease as dietary fish?

10. FINER interesting novelethical relevant feasible

12. New Questions Arise Results Interpreted Data Collected Question Identified Hypotheses Formed Research Plan Closed-loop conceptualization of the research process (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996)

15. Analytical study of multiple patients “ rare” phenomenon occurring multiple times

16. Analytical study of one patient Detailed profile of a “ rare” presentation or unusual side effect of drug

17. A descriptive survey One to one questionnaire, Email, telephone, online

18. Example: You interview subjects about current and past history of fish intake and correlates results with history of CHD

19. Advantages of a cross sectional study Cheap Fast Simple

20. Disadvantages of a cross sectional study Failing to take time Biases: Selection bias Information bias Confounding bias

22. Note: Exposure = Risk Factor Outcome = Disease

24. Example: You examine a group of patients with CHD and compares them with a group who did not have CHD (the controls), asking about past fish intake CHD No CHD No CHD High fish intake Low fish intake

26. Example: The investigator measures fish intake at baseline and periodically examines subjects at follow-up visits to see if those who eat more fish have fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) events CHD No CHD No CHD High fish intake Low fish intake

29. Example: You randomly assign subjects to receive fish oil supplements or placebo, then follows both treatment groups for several years to observe the incidence of CHD

30. Randomized designs Methods of randomization: – Several choices, from “flipping a coin” to stratified randomization Blinding/masking: – Participant, study investigator (and anybody else involved in follow-up) – Ideally, double-blinded

32. How it works

33. Internal validity External validity (also called generalizability)

34. Can I do research? Yes How? Assemble a research team Ask a general question Do a literature search Ask a good research question Find a mentor Conduct your research project

36. Thank you @abdulelahnuqali abdulelah.n@gmail.com abdulelahn.blogspot.com