1. Unit I 1300-1607 Part I The Native Americans

2. Origins of the Native Americans AKA Amerindians AKA Amerindians Most believe that the New World was populated by immigrants who crossed over Beringia (land mass now covered by the Bering Strait) more than 40,000 years ago. Most believe that the New World was populated by immigrants who crossed over Beringia (land mass now covered by the Bering Strait) more than 40,000 years ago. Migrated to tip of S. America by 8,000 BC Migrated to tip of S. America by 8,000 BC

3. World Map and the Bering Strait

4. Beringia under water 10,000 years ago The early immigrants were hunters of large game for food, furs and had small fishing vessels The early immigrants were hunters of large game for food, furs and had small fishing vessels By 1500 Population in the New World was 50- 100 million (numbers are in dispute) By 1500 Population in the New World was 50- 100 million (numbers are in dispute)

5. Issues with the Bering Strait notion: Evidence of human habitation in Eastern Siberia only 12,000 years ago Evidence of human habitation in Eastern Siberia only 12,000 years ago A Crow site in the Yukon my be 50,000 years old A Crow site in the Yukon my be 50,000 years old A site in Brazil could be 48,000 years old A site in Brazil could be 48,000 years old

6. BUT The Bering Strait theory is the most widely accepted. The Bering Strait theory is the most widely accepted.

7. By the Late Stone Age 4,000 to 1500 BC Sedentary (non-migratory) societies began to develop (Peru, NE and South-central Mexico and SW United States Sedentary (non-migratory) societies began to develop (Peru, NE and South-central Mexico and SW United States Depended upon: Maize, Pumkins, Sweet Potatoes, Chili Peppers, Tapioca, and Amaranth (a cereal) Depended upon: Maize, Pumkins, Sweet Potatoes, Chili Peppers, Tapioca, and Amaranth (a cereal)

8. Hundreds of tribes with different Hundreds of tribes with different Languages Languages Religions Religions Cultures Cultures

9. Three Great Civilizations in Central and South America The Mayans The Mayans The Aztecs The Aztecs The Incas (Peru) The Incas (Peru)

11. The Mayans In Mesoamerica: Guatemala, Honduras, Belize up to Central Mexico, the Yucatan In Mesoamerica: Guatemala, Honduras, Belize up to Central Mexico, the Yucatan 2,000 BC to 900 AD disappearance a mystery 2,000 BC to 900 AD disappearance a mystery Noted for its Noted for its Written Language Written Language Architecture Architecture Mathematics Mathematics Calendar Calendar Irrigation systems Irrigation systems

12. The Mayans http://www.history.com/topics/maya/videos/a sk-history-did-the-maya-predict- 2012?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr ee=false# http://www.history.com/topics/maya/videos/a sk-history-did-the-maya-predict- 2012?m=528e394da93ae&s=undefined&f=1&fr ee=false#

13. The Aztecs in Mexico 1100-1519 1100-1519 Tenochtitlan Tenochtitlan Gods and Human Sacrifice Gods and Human Sacrifice Contrast with Christian sacrament ritual Contrast with Christian sacrament ritual Cortes and Montezuma Cortes and Montezuma

14. The Incas in Peru Like Mayans Like Mayans Built stone-carved cities Built stone-carved cities Mathematics and astronomy Mathematics and astronomy Agricultural surplus for trade Agricultural surplus for trade

15. The North American tribes By late 15 th century semi-sedentary By late 15 th century semi-sedentary Less developed than in south Less developed than in south Gender roles: Gender roles: Women primarily agriculture Women primarily agriculture Men Hunters and warriors Men Hunters and warriors Most matrilineal (property ownership Most matrilineal (property ownership and matriilocal (new couple real extended family and proximity) and matriilocal (new couple real extended family and proximity)

16. Property Ownership No one “owned” the land but families or clans would defend their “rights” to use the land No one “owned” the land but families or clans would defend their “rights” to use the land Property was NOT acquired as it had to be hauled from one place to another on a regular basis Property was NOT acquired as it had to be hauled from one place to another on a regular basis The most important man in the tribe was the one giving the most away The most important man in the tribe was the one giving the most away

17. Trade was important BUT no formal trade alliances or commercial treaties BUT no formal trade alliances or commercial treaties However refusal to trade was justification for war However refusal to trade was justification for war

18. Noteworthy N.A. Tribes The Pueblo Indians: New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado. Lived in multistoried, terraced affairs…some of the oldest dwellings in N. America. The Pueblo Indians: New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado. Lived in multistoried, terraced affairs…some of the oldest dwellings in N. America. Depended primarily on corn Depended primarily on corn Elaborate irrigation systems Elaborate irrigation systems

19. N.A. Tribes Mound Builders: Mississippi and Ohio Valleys Mound Builders: Mississippi and Ohio Valleys Central Mound was 100 feet high: world’s largest earthen work (near St. Louis) Central Mound was 100 feet high: world’s largest earthen work (near St. Louis) As many as 40,000 people As many as 40,000 people Iron tools, woven fabric Iron tools, woven fabric Trade routes: Appalachians to Rockies, Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico Trade routes: Appalachians to Rockies, Great Lakes to Gulf of Mexico

20. Atlantic Seaboard Tribes Maize, beans, squash Maize, beans, squash Creeks had a democratic style of government Creeks had a democratic style of government Choctaw Choctaw Cherokee Cherokee Iroquois (NY state) built a strong military confederacy under Hiawatha (late 16 th century) Iroquois (NY state) built a strong military confederacy under Hiawatha (late 16 th century) The 5 Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas

21. The Iroquois Lived in Longhouses Lived in Longhouses 8-200 feet long 8-200 feet long The Iroquois will ally themselves with the British The Iroquois will ally themselves with the British They were the most politically sophisticated group met by the Europeans They were the most politically sophisticated group met by the Europeans

22. Religion Most Amerindians had nature at the root of their religions Most Amerindians had nature at the root of their religions Temples, Skull racks, human sacrifice, cannibalism was seen as satanic by Europeans Temples, Skull racks, human sacrifice, cannibalism was seen as satanic by Europeans But consider Native point of view regarding monotheism, the sacrament, witch hunts, the inquisition But consider Native point of view regarding monotheism, the sacrament, witch hunts, the inquisition

23. War Native view of European warfare: Native view of European warfare: Wasteful. Prisoners could be used instead as sacricice Wasteful. Prisoners could be used instead as sacricice Captured children of natives assimilated Captured children of natives assimilated Europeans who could not match native guerrilla warfare or capture Native warriors would destroy Indian villages (non-combatants) Natives learned from this Europeans who could not match native guerrilla warfare or capture Native warriors would destroy Indian villages (non-combatants) Natives learned from this

24. War continued Natives used torture as a way for new widows to get even Natives used torture as a way for new widows to get even Were called “mourning Wars” and often lasted all night Were called “mourning Wars” and often lasted all night Europeans were not up to the task although Jesuits were admired by natives for their ability to withstand torture Europeans were not up to the task although Jesuits were admired by natives for their ability to withstand torture

25. Natives Borrowed European weapons European weapons Horses (were reintroduced to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadores. Had disappeared during the last ice age) Horses (were reintroduced to the Americas by the Spanish conquistadores. Had disappeared during the last ice age)