1. Bacteria 2

2. Do Now What shape is a bacillus bacteria?

3. Respiration Obligate Aerobe: requires oxygen to live –Mycobacterium tuberculosis Obligate Anaerobe: lives in oxygen free environments (oxygen is toxic to these cells) –Family Bacteroidaceae (family of bacteria living usually in the alimentary canal or on mucous surfaces of warm-blooded animals; sometimes associated with acute infective processes) –Botulism is an example! Facultative Anaerobe: Can survive in both oxygen and oxygen free environments –Staphylococcus Tuberculosis Escherichia coli (E. coli)

4. Bacteria Shapes

5. Naming Bacteria SHAPE –Cocci (sphere) (singular-Coccus) –Spirilli (Spiral) (singular-Spirillum) –Bacilli (Rod) (singular-Bacillus) GROUPING –Strepto-(chains) –Diplo-(pairs) –Staphylo-(clusters) Practice: What is a chain of spheres called? What is a pair of rods? What is a cluster of spheres?

6. Gram Positive and Gram Negative

7. How do scientists tell bacteria apart? Their cell walls!!!!! (key word: peptidoglycan) Gram Positive Bacteria Peptidoglycan in cell wall Stains a dark violet color Used to help identify bacteria Some antibacterial drugs such as penicillin interfere with the production of peptidoglycan by binding to bacterial enzymes known as penicillin- binding proteins Gram Negative Bacteria Does not have Peptidoglycan in the cell wall OR is a very thin layer Has layers of lipids, sugars, and proteins (lipoproteins) Stains a pink color Antibiotic resistance: The biggest concern with gram- negative bacteria is, there are virtually no drugs to effectively treat them. One drug, Colistin, is the only option that sometimes works, but it is incredibly toxic -- can cause kidney damage. (MRSA)

8. Gram Positive (stains violet) Six common gram-positive bacteria that infect humans and their shapes follow: Streptococcus (cocci) Staphylococcus (cocci) Bacillus (bacilli, protective spore) - causes anthrax and gastroenteritis Clostridium (bacilli, protective spore) - causes botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene, and pseudomembranous colitis Corynebacterium (bacilli, no protective spore) - causes diphtheria Listeria (bacilli, no protective spore) - causes meningitis Gram Negative (stains pink) Cyanobacteria, Spirochaetes, Green- Sulphur and Green Non-Sulphur Bacteria and Proteobacteria Proteobacteria is a major group(it includes bacteria like E-coli, Salmonella, Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Legionella, Acetic Acid Bacteria etc.). Hemophilus influenzae (also known as Bacillus influenzae), Neisseria Meningitidis, Moraxella Catarrhalis, Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Acinetobacter Baumanii Examples

9. ChemoAutotrophs (Archaebacteria) Energy: derived from chemical reactions and is inorganic. Carbon Dioxide fixation from: sulfur, iron, hydrogen, ammonia, or hydrogen sulfide. Found in extreme environments Thiomicrospira crunogena grows very fast. Doubling time is one hour. Deep-sea vents. Evidence that these are the first organisms on earth.

10. ChemoHeterotrophs Energy: Carbohydrates, lipids or protiens. These are used to fix carbon like the chemoautotrophs. They need organic compounds for the chemical processes. Found in extreme environments Thiobacilli are adapted to wide variations of temperature and pH. The picture is a sulfur pool on a volcano. Temperature can vary (boil) and the sulfur can be toxic to many living things.

11. PhotoAutotrophs Energy Source: Light (inorganic). Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria (blue- green algae) Purple and green sulfur bacteria grow only in oxygen free environments (like hot springs, anaerobic).

12. PhotoHeterotrophs Energy Source: Light AND organic molecules such as carbohydrate, fatty acids and alcohol (cannot use carbon dioxide like the autotrophs) Rhodospirillum (Purple Bacteria) Cloroflexi (green bacteria)

13. Role in the Environment Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria –The bacteria chemically change nitrogen into a form plants can use. –The bacteria live in the soil or nodules of plants. –Plants need nitrogen to grow, but cannot use nitrogen abundant in the atmosphere. Decomposers –Bacteria play an important role of breaking down dead or decaying matter. –This recycles nutrients back into the environment.

14. Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics are toxic to bacteria. They prevent bacteria from growing and reproducing. Antibiotics are cytotoxic (toxic to cells), so they do NOT work on viruses. Antibiotics kill the most sensitive bacteria first. The bacteria who are most resistant live to reproduce more antibiotic resistant cells. The evolution of bacteria is sped up by antibiotics: –Less competition for food when only the most resistant are less, so they reproduce quickly and produce an entire population of antibiotic resistant bacteria. –They can mutate every time they reproduce (binary fission). –They are able to share small pieces of DNA with each other (bacterial conjugation).