1. The First World War

2. 2 The First World War: War involving nearly all the nations of the world 1914-1918 What? When?

3. Students will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I

4. 4 The First World War: Long term causes: 1. Militarism 2. Alliance System 3. Imperialism 4. Nationalism Short term cause: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand of the Austro- Hungarian Empire Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his Wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg one hour before their deaths, June 28, 1914. The assassination was the spark that ignited the war.

5. 5 The First World War: Where? Map of Europe during WWI: Originally, Italy joined the Triple Alliance but after the war broke out, it switched sides and went to fight with the Triple Entente. Turkey later joined the Triple Alliance.

6. 6 The First World War: Who? Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Russia France Great Britain Italy Japan United States (1917) Central Powers:Allies: Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The three emperors of the Central Powers in World War I

7. Essential Questions World War I – how did the U.S. go from neutral to declared war? What part did German unrestricted submarine warfare play in this move from neutrality to war?

8. Neutrality to War In 1914 war breaks out among European nations President Woodrow Wilson declares that the U.S. would remain neutral “We must be impartial in thought as well as in action.”

9. American Neutrality President Wilson declared the U.S. to be neutral –However - many average U.S. citizens began to choose sides –Most supported the Allies (Britain and France) Wilson's cabinet, and many businesses supported going to war on the side of the Allies Why would business owners support going to war?

10. 10 Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? America was an Isolationist. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) sought to isolate “ the American continents ” from European influences and problems. “Why should I get involved in someone else ’ s problems? ”

11. American Neutrality ? Germany announced that it would begin using U-boats to attack all vessels, including merchant ships, in British waters –Stopped the Allies from receiving supplies from foreign countries –This unrestricted submarine warfare drew protests from the U.S.

12. American Neutrality ? 1915 - a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania –Killed almost 1,200 passengers including 120 Americans 1916 - the French ship Sussex, was torpedoed by a German U-boat causing several American injuries Germany and the U.S. signed the Sussex Pledge in which Germany promised not to sink anymore merchant ships without warning –This kept the U.S. out of the war, and helped Wilson win reelection in 1916

13. 13 Why did it take so long for America to get involved in the war? In this cartoon, “The Great Wall” (1914), the Monroe Doctrine is shown as a protective shield for the United States.

14. 14 Thinking Slide….prior to WWI Is isolationism really an option for a country as powerful as the United States? What are the disadvantages of isolationism? What are the advantages?

15. 15 Which side should the U.S. support? 11 million German- Americans Irish-Americans hated Great Britain Close cultural ties to other allies American, England, and France ’ s economies were increasingly interdependent. Central Powers:Allies:

16. 16 Which side should the U.S. support? U. S. Exports Why is this data important?

17. 17 What did it take to get the U.S. involved? Blockades Britain blocked all German ships going to America. HMS Renown seen from another British warship (circa 1917)

18. 18 What did it take to get the U.S. involved? Blockades May, 1915 Germany told Americans to stay off British ships Germany threatened to sink British ships

19. 19 What did it take to get the U.S. involved? Unrestricted Submarine Warfare In 1917, Germany announced “ unrestricted submarine warfare ” in the war zone. Otherwise, Germany’s blockade would not be successful. A British ship torpedoed by a German U-boat

20. 20 What did it take to get the U.S. involved? Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germany torpedoed the Lusitania, sinking it with over 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans). It was eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition.

21. 21 What did it take to get the U.S. involved? Unrestricted Submarine Warfare The US sharply criticized Germany for its action. Germany agreed not to sink passenger ships without warning in the future. Note in bottle after Lusitania disaster

22. 22 How was the war looking for the allies? Russia left the war after its communist revolution in 1917. Russia ’ s withdrawal allowed Germany to fight a one- front war with all its troops concentrated on France (remember this point when you study WWII!). Not Good... Calling for a Communist revolution, anti-Tsarist protesters gather outside the Winter Palace in Petrograd, Russia, February 1917.

23. 23 Convincing the American People Propaganda How do you think these posters helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?

24. Propaganda and War Propaganda is information that is meant to appeal to a mass population and…. Appeal to people’s emotions Influence people’s beliefs Influence people’s actions Read: “Propaganda Objectives and Tools” then, identify the objective and tool(s) used in each of the following slides.

25. Examine this WWI Era poster

26. 1.What is this “mad brute” that you must destroy? 2.What does the “brute” represent? 3.What does this “brute” carry in his hands? 4.What is the purpose of this WWI propaganda poster? 5.Who is the target of this campaign? 6.To what does this poster appeal – intellect or emotions?

29. Dein Vaterland ist in Gefar Melde Dich! Your Homeland is in danger Sign Up!

41. 41 Convincing the American People Idealism: Fourteen Points President Wilson’s Fourteen Points was his vision for the future after the war…. Including freedom of the seas League of Nations to work for world peace. President Woodrow Wilson

42. 42 Zimmerman Telegram The British decoded a telegram from Germany to Mexico. It promised to give Texas, New Mexico, Arizona back to Mexico in return for an alliance and attacking the United States. The decoded Zimmerman Telegram

43. New York Journal (4/7/1917) announcing the declaration of war the previous day

44. U.S. Declares War Early 1917 - Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare –Sank U.S. ships President Wilson was backed into a corner –U. S. Declared war on Germany in April 1917 –Joined the Allies

45. 45 What did the U.S. do to help? The U.S. provided the food, money, and fresh troops needed to win the war. Supplies American troops march through London.

46. 46 How did the war affect the U.S.? Women Women filled factory jobs Women ’ s war effort helped bring about passage of the 19th Amendment after the war giving women the right to vote

47. 47 How did the war affect the U.S.? Black soldiers still served in segregated units. African Americans In the “ Great Migration ” thousands of African Americans moved to the North to work in factories.

48. Great Migration Northern factories needed workers during the war for two main reasons: –Many white workers joined the war effort or were drafted –Nearly all immigration from Europe stopped To replace these workers African Americans left the South and moved into many Northern cities –Looking for factory jobs –Between 300,000 and 500,000 African- Americans moved North

50. 50 How did the war affect the U.S.? Enforcing Loyalty Hatred of all things German spread across the U.S. For example “ sauerkraut ” was renamed “ Liberty Cabbage. ” The Espionage Act 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war, many of whom were labor leaders.

51. Espionage Act Passed in 1917 the Espionage Act: –Established penalties and prison time for aiding the enemy –Penalized disloyalty, or interference with the war effort The Espionage Act was expanded in 1918 to make it illegal for any public opposition to the war The Supreme Court also limited American’s freedom of speech – 1 st Amendment Right –Schenck v. U.S. –Upheld Espionage Act of 1917

52. Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations The Allies won the war in 1918 & began settling for peace The “Big Four” –Leaders from the U.S., Britain, France, and Italy –They lead meetings which will decide the fate of Post-War Europe

53. Wilson’s Fourteen Points Wilson presented his plan for peace, called the Fourteen Points to Congress –First 5 points dealt with free trade Freedom of the seas Disarmament Open Diplomacy Adjustments of colonial claims These five points were what Wilson felt caused World War

54. Wilson’s Fourteen Points The next 8 points dealt with self-determination The final point called for the creation of the League of Nations, an organization which would help settle disagreements between member countries. Many countries viewed the Fourteen Points as being too lenient on Germany

55. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty was signed by Germany in 1919, and punished Germany for “starting” the war Germany would have to: -dismantle their army and navy -pay war reparations of $33 billion (which they did not have) -Admit guilt for causing the war -Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. -The Treaty left Germany in shambles Most of Wilson’s Fourteen Points were dismissed by the other leaders, with the exception of the Fourteenth Point

56. League of Nations Wilson’s League of Nations was voted down by the U.S. Congress in 1920. Many Congressmen worried that it made the U.S. too involved in European affairs