1. Oxygenation And Ventilation

2. Oxygenation

3. Oxygen Delivery Devices

4. Nasal Cannula Gives oxygen supply 40 %when set at 6 L/min flow
Nasal Cannula Gives oxygen supply 40 %when set at 6 L/min flow . Indicated for low to moderate oxygen requirements and long term oxygen therapy .

5. 2 – Venturi Mask It is high flow face mask that uses a Venturi system to deliver relatively precise oxygen concentrations . Used for COPD who need control on inspired oxygen concentration .

6. 3 – Simple Face Mask Gives oxygen supply 40 % to 60 % when set at 6 L/min flow .

7. 4 – Partial Rebreather mask

8. 5 – Non – Rebreather Mask It has : one way side port + attached reservoir bag Provides the highest oxygen concentration (80 % to 95 % when set at 15 L/min flow ).

9. 6 – Small Volume Nebulizer Oxygen is the usual carrier but in COPD , air is preferred .

10. 7 - Oxygen Humidifier Used in croup , Epiglotittis , bronchiolitis .

11. Ventilation

12. Effective Artificial Ventilation need :
Patent airway .
Effective seal between mask and patient‘s face .
Enough force to overcome the elastic resistance of the lung and chest wall .
Tidal volume at least 800 mL oxygen at rate 12 to 20 breaths / min .
Allow patient to exhale between delivered breath.
Tidal Volume : Average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle .

13. Characters of the ideal mask
Good fit .
One way valve .
Made of transparent material .
Has oxygen insufflations port ( 15 to 22 mm ) .
Available in all ages .

14. Ventilation Methods

15. 1 – Mouth to mouth / Mouth to nose
Provide limited oxygen 17 % .
It may transmit infection between the patient and rescuer .
Take care not to hyper inflate the patient‘s lungs or to hyperventilate yourself .

16. 2 - Mouth to mask Do not use in awake patient .
It has one way valve to prevent you from patient expiration .
Provide oxygen 17 % ( if no oxygen supply ) .
Provide oxygen 50 % ( if oxygen supply is 10 L/min )

17. 3 – Bag Valve Devices Do not use in awake patient .
It has two one - way valves .
Sizes : Neonatal – Child . Adult .
It should be disposable ( Do not reuse them ) .
Provide oxygen 21 %= room oxygen ( if no oxygen supply ) .
Provide oxygen 60 % to 70 % ( if oxygen supply is 10 L/min ) .
Provide oxygen 90 % to 95 % ( if oxygen reservoir is activated )

18. Pediatric bag valve mask has Pop-Off Valve .
BVM ventilation can be done by :
One Rescuers Two Rescuers Three Rescuers
Complications of BVM ventilations are :
Inadequate ventilations .
Barotraumas
Gastric distension .

19. 4 – Flow Restricted = Oxygen Powered Ventilation = Demand Valves
Provides 100 % oxygen at its highest flow rate 40 L/min .
Not recommended in patients under 16 age .
Use with caution with intubated patients or chest trauma patients .

20. 5 – Automatic Transport Ventilator
It has pop – Off valves .
Provides 100 % oxygen .
Not use in :
Infant less than 5 years old .
Patient with obstructed airway ( Because these devices have no alarm to warn possible tube displacement or barotraumas ) .

21. Evaluation Pulse Oximetry Capnography

22. Pulse Oximetry
Used in measurement of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SPo2) AND Pulse rate.
Normal SPo2 = 93 % to 95 %
When result below 90 % means Sever compromise of oxygen delivery to the tissues .
Advantages :
High reliability .
Portable .
Used in all ages and races .

23. Capnography Can be named ( End Tidal carbon Dioxide monitoring ) .
Measures the partial pressure of carbon Dioxide in a sample of gas .
A normal reading in a trauma patient is between 30 to 40 mmHg .
Used as a tool to monitor endotracheal tube placement .