1. Behavior in living organisms Behavior in one celled organisms Behavior in plants Behavior in animals

2. What is a stimulus? Stimulus is an information from the inside or outside of the organism. Stimulus(stimuli) creates a response (physiological or behavioral) in the organism. Stimuli triggers a special kind of behavior for each species. Only that species respond to that stimuli.

3. What is behavior? Behavior is a way of response to the stimuli. Behavior supports the survival of the organism. Prey escapes from the predator. Predator follows prey. Plants respond to light. The science which investigates behavior is called ethology.

4. Instinctive (natural) behavior That is performed without having been learned. Feeding, reproduction, bird song Reflexes and instincts Learned behavior That is changed with experience. Imprinting Conditioning Trial-error Habituation

5. Behavior in one celled organisms + or – Replacement (taxis) + chemotaxis:toward - chemotaxis: away + phototaxis: - phototaxis: geotaxis Nasty The direction of the stimulus is not important. Cell gives the same response Geonasty-geonastic Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

6. Behavior in plants Tropism + phototropism: - geotropism:stem - chemotropism: against chemicals Hydrotropism: heliotropism Nasty Geonasty-geonastic photonastic Thermonastic Sismonastic Behavior -depending on the direction of the stimuli Behavior -not depending on the direction of the stimuli

7. Tropism types Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicalsChemotropism chemicals Geotropism or Gravitropism, movement or growth in response to gravityGeotropismGravitropismgravity Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to moisture or waterHydrotropismmoisturewater Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlightHeliotropismsunlight Phototropism, movement or growth in response to lightPhototropismlight Thermotropism, movement or growth in response to temperatureThermotropism temperature Thigmotropism, movement or growth in response to touch or contactThigmotropismtouch contact http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropism

8. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psycholo gy/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htmhttp://www.science.mcmaster.ca/psycholo gy/psych1a6/1aa3/EvoPsych/lec1-2.htm http://www.animalbehavioronline.com/ http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecas e/Behavior/index.htmlhttp://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/vecas e/Behavior/index.html

9. Behavior in animals Reflexes are sudden and fixed behaviors. (reaction) controlled by ??? The reflexes are not performed conciously. Spinal cord is involved for these kind of behaviors not brain. Grasp reflex of a baby important for catching mother. Reflexes

10. Instincts Instinctive behavior is performed without being learned. It is a concious behavior. That person is sure(concious) about what he is doing. Brain is involved. Migration, nesting, looking after youngs Endocrine and nervous system involve in behavior. The most important centers in the body are hypophysis and hypothalamus.

11. What is learning? The behavioral changes as a result of the experiences form learning. Learning causes a change of behavior. Imprinting Conditioning Trial-error Habituation

12. Imprinting Learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage that is rapid. Young Geese of Konrad Lorenz, learn the characteristics of him as parent. "critical period" ofcritical period about 36 hours shortly after hatching is best for imprinting of geese.

13. Conditioning Conditioning is a type of associative learning.learning Ivan Pavlov described the learning of conditioned behavior as being formed by pairing stimuli to condition an animal into giving a certain responseIvan Pavlov stimulicondition Food ( Unconditioned.Stimulus ) => Salivation (U.R.) Natural response. Food (U.S.) + Bell (Neutral.S.) => Salivation (U.R.) After repeating the pairing a few times. Bell ( Conditioned.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs. Dogs salivate without food.

14. Trial-error (operant conditioning) When first put into the maze, the mice took a long time to escape. With experience, ineffective responses occurred less frequently and successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the mice to escape in less time over successive trials.

15. Habituation There is a progressive diminution (reduction) of behavioral response with the repetition of a stimulus. The learned suppression of response is habituation.behavioralstimulus A short amount of time after dressing, the stimulus the weight of clothes creates is 'ignored' by the nervous system and we become unaware of it.clothes

16. Biological clock Biological Clocks are physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons. Sleeping, winter sleep, migration are regulated by biological clock.

17. Social Behavior Living in a social group can provide benefits. Shielding against predators, cooperative defenses. Social behavior results from the interactions among two or more individuals. Cooperation, competition, predation, defense are social behaviors. Social groups have hierarchies. In the hierarchy, each individual knows his own responsibilities.

18. Societies The individuals of the same species effectively interact with each other in the societies. Bees, birds, wolves, human, ants There is a division of labor.

19. Communication Individuals within the society communicate with each other. This is unavoidable for gathering, feeding, defense, reproduction. Sound, smell(pheremones), movement, mimics are important communication ways.

20. Communication styles Dogs- Urination Birds- singing patterns and songs Bees- The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.

21. The 'round dance' reveals a food source not far away. The 'figure eight' dance reveals a distant food source.