1. CONTINUED SETTLING AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS PERIOD 2: 1607-1754

3. REASONS FOR COLONIZATION DIFFERENCES IN IMPERIAL GOALS, CULTURES, AND THE NORTH AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTS THAT DIFFERENT EMPIRES CONFRONTED LED EUROPEANS TO DEVELOP DIVERSE PATTERNS OF COLONIZATION.

5. SPANISH Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population Imperial/social goals: conversion of native peoples, eventually empire building Economic goals: wealth building, extraction of natural resources Cultural assumptions: enough natives to conquer into a labor force Folkways: used to a domineering class (feudal system) in Europe. The jump to the encomienda system was not a large one.

6. FRENCH/DUTCH French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.  New France New Netherland 

7. FRENCH Imperial/social goals: Converts to Catholicism Economic Goals: Domination of fur trade Cultural Assumptions: Viewed natives as potential military and economic allies. Intermarriage and trade alliance with French seen as relationship building. Folkways: Relatively few colonists as compared to the Spanish. Typically much more positive relations with natives (even help Hurons fight Iroquois)

8. DUTCH Social/cultural goals: Economic goals: develop network for trading, grow wealth of nation-state. Established the Dutch West India Trading Company to accomplish this. Cultural assumptions: similar to French. Few settlers in comparison to other European groups. Understood some native claims to land (purchase New York from natives.) Folkways: These are the small kids on the block, will eventually be domineered by the British. These colonies will eventually be conquered by the English and essentially traded for ones in South America.

9. King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation. After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified. In Ireland, the Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against England, but the English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and developed an attitude of sneering contempt for natives. INTERNAL CONFLICT IN ENGLAND

10. After Francis Drake pirated Spanish ships for gold then circumnavigated the globe, Elizabeth I knighted him on his ship. Seeking to get their revenge, Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of 1588. This opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic. ENGLAND VS SPAIN Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism Golden age of literature (Shakespeare) Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900) Britain and Spain finally signed a peace treaty in 1604

11. Enclosure- Fencing in land for farming. This meant there was less or no land for the poor. Primogeniture- 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land. Therefore, younger sons of rich folk (who couldn’t inherit money) tried their luck with fortunes elsewhere, like America. Joint-Stock company- Investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return, being a forerunner of today’s corporations. THE NEED FOR SPREADING OUT

12. ENGLISH Social/cultural goals: Delayed exploration after John Cabot due to English religious tensions. Economic goals: Battling the Spanish for dominance of sea shipping. Attacked Spanish vessels in Atlantic, Pacific, and in both New and Old worlds. Also hoping to settle colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men, and women to acquire land and populate their settlements. Cultural assumptions: Tended to view Natives as an ‘obstacle’ in colonization. There weren’t enough natives present near their settlements to control a labor force, nor were there so many as to start immediate confrontation. Relatively hostile relationships were natives. Folkways: Many religious upheavals in this time drive some to explore/settle for religious purposes. Difficulty getting their first colonies settled and may have stunted land claims. English bring with them a history of representative government (English Bill of Rights, Magna Carta, etc)

13. English attempts at colonization in the New World failed embarrassingly. Notable of these failures was Sir Walter Raleigh and the Roanoke Island Colony, better known as “The Lost Colony.” FAILED ATTEMPT AT COLONIZATION Baptism of Virginia Dare In her 2000 book Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke. (Possibly the Croatan) Lost Colony DNA Project

14. The 48 “Dare Stones” CONJECTURE, CONFLICT, & CURIOSITY “Croatoan”

15. REGIONALIZATION AND ENVIRONMENT ALONG WITH OTHER FACTORS, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATIONS, INCLUDING CLIMATE AND NATURAL RESOURCES, CONTRIBUTED TO REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN WHAT WOULD BECOME THE BRITISH COLONIES.

16. CHESAPEAKE COLONIES Environment: swampy, sticky humidity, long/hot summers, Chesapeake Bay has lots of saltwater that runs inland, Natural Resources: no gold, rich (but easily depleted) soil, lumber Other Factors: Powhattan

17. “We came with our ships to Cape Comfort, where we saw five [Virginia Indians] running on the shore.... [After] rowing ashore, the captain called to them a sign of friendship, but they were at first very [fearful] until they saw the captain lay his hand on his heart. Upon that they laid down their bows and arrows and came very boldly to us, making signs to come ashore to their town, which [they call] Kecoughtan.” George Percy, “Observations Gathered Out of a Discourse of the Plantation of the Southern Colony of Virginia by the English, 1606,” THE ENGLISH MAKE LANDFALL

18. JOHN SMITH - 1608

20. JAMESTOWN In 1606, the Virginia Company (joint-stock) received a charter from King James I to make a settlement in the New World. -Charter guaranteed English Rights to the 100 English Settlers -John Smith brought order and discipline - "he who works not, eats not" - Cannabis Law – 100 Plants for Export - The Starving Time – 1609-1610 (Death, Abandonment, Cannibalism)Cannibalism John Rolfe turned the focus to Tobacco…no one quite sure where he gathered seeds. Spanish had a monopoly and trade/sale of Spanish tobacco seeds was a capital offense. -Jamestown’s primary crop was tobacco. -Heavily depleted the soil and ruined the land. Government structure forms in 1619… -The House of Burgesses, a committee of elected officials. -The first session began July 30 th and was cut short by an outbreak of malaria

21. THE POCAHONTAS TALE He was 27 She was 12

22. The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 with a peace settlement sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfe. The Second Anglo-Powhatan War occurs following the Massacre of 1622 led by Opechancanough, the new Chief Powhatan The Third Anglo-Powhatan War began in 1644, ended in 1646, and effectively banished the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. CULTURAL CLASH Sometimes considered as only 2 wars…

23. WATCH IT!

24. DEVELOPMENT OF BRITISH COLONIAL REGIONS THE INCREASING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES WITHIN THE “ATLANTIC WORLD” HAD A PROFOUND IMPACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIAL SOCIETIES IN NORTH AMERICA.

25. THE FOUR REGIONS New England MA, RI, CT, NH Middle Colonies NY, NJ, PA, DE Chesapeake Colonies VA, MD, NC, Southernmost Atlantic SC, GA, and British islands in the West Indies

26. THE FOUR REGIONS New England MA, RI, CT, NH Middle Colonies NY, NJ, PA, DE Chesapeake Colonies VA, MD, NC, Southernmost Atlantic SC, GA, and British islands in the West Indies

27. BRITISH SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA THE BRITISH-AMERICAN SYSTEM OF SLAVERY DEVELOPED OUT OF THE ECONOMIC, DEMOGRAPHIC, AND GEOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BRITISH-CONTROLLED REGIONS OF THE NEW WORLD.

28. THE TOBACCO COLONIES Tobacco was the most important commodity produced in eighteenth century North America, accounting for 25% of the value of all colonial exports. Slavery allowed the expansion of tobacco production since it was labor-intensive. Using slave labor, tobacco was grown on large plantations and small farms. The slave population in this region grew largely by natural increase.

29. WHY SLAVERY? Virginians tried other means of labor, none with tremendous success. Indentured Servants – temporary (4-14 years) contract between young British citizen and landowner. Passage/room/board for service. Death rate and finite term length didn’t provide enough labor. (40% death rate) (Freedom Dues) Headright System – to attract immigrants, VA offered 50 acres to individuals who paid their own passage, or those who paid for an indentured servant’s Slavery – first Dutch ship in 1619 brought African Indentured Servants. Not typical slavery just yet: children born free, slave for a finite time frame, Virginians too poor to buy slaves for a lifetime. House of Burgesses will pass laws eventually institutionalizing difference between blacks and white and eventually protecting slavery by naming offspring of servants are kept in permanent bondage (long term service solution)

30. WHY SLAVERY? No effective means to enslave native peoples Lack of colonist numbers No huge urban native population (such as Aztecs) Growing European demand for colonial goods Chiefly tobacco, sugar, indigo, and other cash crops Belief in British racial and cultural superiority Because both men and women settled British colonies, less need to intermarry leading to a resistance to do so. Saw slaves as less than human, develop rigid racial hierarchy.

31. BACON’S REBELLION Bacon's Rebellion was an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by a 29-year-old planter, Nathaniel Bacon. About a thousand Virginians rose (including former indentured servants, poor whites and poor blacks) because they resented Virginia Governor William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Native Americans when Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements. British military relief ends the rebellion "The fear of civil war among whites frightened Virginia’s ruling elite, who took steps to consolidate power and improve their image. Restoration of property, qualifications for voting, reducing taxes, and adoption of a more aggressive Indian policy to name a few.” –Eric Foner So… they torched Jamestown & looted his house.

32. SIGNIFICANCE OF BACON'S REBELLION Colonial rebellion against government authority; Clash between east/west, rich/poor; Discrimination against frontiersmen; Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor Bacon’s Rebellion, 1895 rendering

33. THE FOUR REGIONS New England MA, RI, CT, NH Middle Colonies NY, NJ, PA, DE Chesapeake Colonies VA, MD, NC, Southernmost Atlantic SC, GA, and British islands in the West Indies

34. SOUTHERNMOST COLONIES ENVIRONMENT & CULTURE ENVIRONMENT Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains. Long growing season and fertile land. Warm for most of the year PRODUCTS Farmed Tobacco, Rice, Indigo, and Cotton. Trade “cash crops” farmed on Plantations. Purchase manufactured goods.

35. THE LOWER SOUTH South Carolina was a slave society from its founding. The most valuable part of the early economy was the Indian slave trade. Rice and indigo were the two major crops. In South Carolina, large plantations employing many slaves dominated. 1739- Stono Rebellion – outcomes limit both owners and slaves Georgia prohibited slavery until South Carolina planters began to settle on the coast with their slaves. By 1770, about 80% of the coastal population of South Carolina and Georgia was African.

36. Residence and Slave Quarters of Mulberry Plantation, by Thomas Coram, ca. 1770. The slave quarters are on the left in this painting of a rice plantation near Charleston, South Carolina. The steep roofs of the slave cabins, an African architectural feature introduced in America by slave builders, kept living quarters cool by allowing the heat to rise and dissipate in the rafters. SOURCE: Thomas Coram, “View of Mulberry Street, House and Street.”.Oil on paper,10 17.6 cm. Gibbes Museum of Art/Carolina Art Association. 68.18.01.

37. SLAVERY IN THE SPANISH COLONIES Though the papacy denounced slavery it was a basic part of the Spanish colonial labor system. The character of Spanish slavery varied by region. In Cuba, on sugar plantations, slavery was brutal. In Florida, slavery resembled household slavery common in Mediterranean and African communities. In New Mexico, Indian slaves were used in mines, as house servants, and as fieldworkers. Spain declared Florida a haven for runaway slaves from the British colonies and offered land to those who would help defend the colony.

38. FRENCH LOUISIANA Natchez Rebellion 1629 The Natchez Indians and the slaves of Louisiana joined together in an armed uprising killing ten percent of the colonial population. Authorities crushed the rebellion but diversified economy and French Louisiana became a society with slaves. French settlers used slave labor but slaves made up only about one-third of the population. Louisiana did not become an important North American slave society until the end of the eighteenth century.

39. THE DAILY LIVES OF SLAVES Africans formed the majority of the labor force that made the plantations profitable and thus built the South. As agricultural peoples, Africans were used to rural routines and most slaves worked in the fields. Slaves were supplied rude clothes and hand-me- downs from the master’s family. On small plantations and farms, Africans may have worked along side their masters. Large plantations provided the population necessary for the development of an African American culture.

40. FAMILIES AND COMMUNITIES In the development of African Colonial community and culture, the family was the most important institution. Families were often separated by sale or bequest. Slaves created family structures developing marriage customs, naming practices, and a system of kinship. Fictive kinship was used by slaves to humanize the world of slavery.

41. THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SLAVE COLONIES Slavery produced a highly stratified class society. Elite planters held more than half of the land and sixty percent of the wealth. Small planters and farmers made up half of the adult white male population. Many kept one to four slaves. Throughout the plantation region, landless men constituted about forty percent of the population. Work included renting land, tenant farming, hiring out as overseers, or becoming indentured servants.

42. VIOLENCE AND RESISTANCE The slave system was based on force and violence. Africans resisted in the following ways: Refusing to cooperate and malingering Mistreating tools and animals Running away Revolt There was always fear of uprisings but slaves in North America rarely revolted. Conditions for a successful revolt were not present. Slaves had also developed culture and communities and did not want to risk losing these things.

43. WHITE SKIN PRIVILEGE Skin color determined status. Legal and other racial distinctions were constant reminders of the freedom of white colonists and the debasement of all African Americans, free or slave. Relationships between free whites and enslaved blacks produced a mixed-ancestry group known as mulattoes. Majority of mulattoes were slaves. Racism created contempt between African Americans and colonists.

44. Thomas Jefferson placed this advertisement in the Virginia Gazette on September 14, 1769. Americans need to seriously consider the historical relationship between the prosperity and freedom of white people and the oppression and exploitation of Africans and African Americans.

45. Eighteenth-century ships being unloaded of their colonial cargoes on London’s Old Custom House Quay. Most of the goods imported into England from the American colonies were produced by slave labor. SOURCE: Samuel Scott, “Old Custom House Quay” Collection. V&A IMAGES, THE VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM, LONDON.

46. SLAVERY AND THE ECONOMICS OF EMPIRE The slave trade was the foundation of the British economy. Triangular Trade. Created a large colonial market for exports that stimulated manufacturing Generated huge profits that served as a source of investments Supplied raw cotton to fuel British industrialization

47. THE POLITICS OF MERCANTILISM Mercantilism (perhaps oversimplified – See Atlantic World Article) Colonies existed to benefit the mother country The economy should be controlled by the state The economy was a “zero-sum” game where profits for one country meant losses for another. Competition between nations was to hoard the fixed amount of wealth that existed in the world.

48. BARBADOS: SUGAR Sandy Point Estate, St. Kitts (St. Christopher), British West Indies, ca. 1795

49. THE COLONIAL ECONOMY The colonial economy grew rapidly. The New England shipbuilding was stimulated by trade. Benefits for northern port cities Participation in the slave trade to the South and West Indies Trading foodstuffs for sugar in foreign colonies Between the 1730s and 1770s, the commercial economies of the North and South were becoming integrated.