1. Jan 26, 2004 OS Security CSE 525 Course Presentation Dhanashri Kelkar Department of Computer Science and Engineering OGI School of Science and Engineering

2. 1 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering OS Security C. Cowan, S. Beattie, C. Wright, G. Kroah- Hartman "RaceGuard: Kernel Protection From Temporary File Race Vulnerabilities", USENIX Security Symposium 2001 C. Wright, C. Cowan, J. Morris, S. Smalley, and G. Kroah-Hartman. Linux security modules: General security support for the linux kernel. In Linux Security Modules: General Security Support for the Linux Kernel, USENIX Security Symposium 2002.

3. 2 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Introduction A study of computer security ‣ TOCTTOU: Time of check to time of use errors Race in between file existence check and file creation ‣ Used in temporary file creation ‣ Non-atomicity problem ‣ Preemptive operating system

4. 3 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Temporary File Creation mktemp() ‣ filename = generateRandomName(); ‣ statResult = stat(filename); ‣ if(!statResult) then open(filename, O_CREAT) ‣ else go to step 1 What if there is context switch between steps 2 and 3?

5. 4 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Security Attack filename = generateRandomName(); statResult = stat(filename); if(!statResult) then open(filename, O_CREAT) ln /etc/passwd tmpfile Privileged program attempts to create temp file and attacker guesses the file name

6. 5 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Safe Temporary File Creation Safe mechanism: ‣ filename = generateRandomName(); ‣ open(filename, O_CREAT|O_EXCL) Used by mkstemp() Not commonly available and portable Many popular programs use mktemp()

7. 6 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering RaceGuard Kernel enhancement ‣ detects attempts to exploit temporary file race conditions ‣ does this with sufficient speed and precision

8. 7 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Temporary File Creation Victim Program ‣ Seeks to create temp file ‣ Probes for existence of the file ‣ If not found, proceeds to create it Attacker ‣ Exploits by creating a symbolic or hard link ‣ Points to a security sensitive file

9. 8 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering RaceGuard Design Maintains per-process cache of temporary file races in each PCB (task_struct) If probe result is non-existent then cache If file exists and name matches cached name then race attack, abort open attempt If file creation is without conflicts then clear entry from cache ‣ To avoid false positive event

10. 9 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering RaceGuard Implementation Three groups system calls: ‣ To inform that a file system entry does not exist ‣ To create file system entries ‣ To create and remove processes

11. 10 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Security Testing Non-deterministic vulnerability Doctored version of mktemp library call ‣ Pause program –Give attacker more time to deploy race ‣ Print file name to be created –Instead of guessing file name, provide it by printing Attacked programs ‣ RCS 5.7, rdist 6.1.5, sdiff GNU 2.7 shadow- utils 19990827

12. 11 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Compatibility Testing Check whether RaceGuard breaks down existing programs without race attacks Programs checked ‣ Mozilla web/mail client ‣ RedHat Linux bootup/shutdown scripts ‣ CVS checkout ‣ VMW (Virtual Machine Emulation) system Some tweaking performed to make it work

13. 12 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Performance Testing Microbenchmarks: Stat non-existent file: ‣ w/o: 4.3 µS w/: 8.8 µS Overhead: 104% Open non-existent file: ‣ w/o: 1.5 µS w/: 1.44 µS Overhead: -4% Fork: ‣ w/o: 161 µS w/: 183 µS Overhead: 13%

14. 13 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Performance Testing Macrobenchmarks (Khernel-stone): Real TimeUser TimeSystem Time w/o RaceGuard107008838901 w/ RaceGuard107428858904 % Overhead0.4%0.2%0.3%

15. 14 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Where Are We? RaceGuard: ‣ Particular computer security case ‣ Try to avoid temporary file creation races LSM: Linux Security Modules ‣ Generic access control mechanism

16. 15 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Linux Access Control Mechanism Discretionary access control mechanism (DAC): ‣ User decides who gets access Mandatory access control mechanism (MAC): ‣ System administrator decides who gets access POSIX1.e Many more: e.g. SELinux by NSA

17. 16 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Problems w/ multiple access control mechanism No mechanism as to which is better ‣ Depends on usage Unable to include all available security modules inside kernel ‣ Kernel upgrade is needed for every new module Solution: ‣ Separate loadable kernel modules ‣ Load module you want to use ‣ Direct access to modules through syscalls

18. 17 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Problems with loadable modules No efficient mechanism for kernel modules to access kernel data ‣ Modules rely on system calls ‣ Highly inefficient

19. 18 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Linux Security Modules Mechanism Access calls are handled inside kernel Kernel uses its default policy If default policy grants access, kernel “consults” loaded module ‣ Special hooks provided for consulting Access is granted only if modules says “Go ahead”

20. 19 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering LSM Hook Mechanism Global table called security_ops in kernel ‣ Table divided into sub-tables ‣ Each sub-table has pointers to functions that make access decisions –Default access-granting entries filled at kernel boot time Each module responsible for filling up tables ‣ Module registration

21. 20 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Module Registration & Deregistration Module registration fails if another LSM module already loaded and registered To load new module previous module needs to be un-registered ‣ Success of un-registration depends on policy set by previous module

22. 21 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering LSM Summary LSM provides generic way to implement access control mechanism Different access control mechanisms can reside as loadable modules System administrator can use appropriate modules as per need

23. 22 Jan 26, 2004Dhanashri Kelkar – OGI School of Science and Engineering Details Not Covered Implementation details Data storage needs of various security policies Module stacking Performance evaluation