1. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Relevance for Small-scale Fisheries Emerging Concerns of Fishing Communities: Issues of Labour, Trade, Gender, Disaster Preparedness, Biodiversity and Responsible Fisheries 4 - 6 July 2006 SESC, Fortaleza, Brazil Chandrika Sharma, Ramya Rajagopalan ICSF

2. CBD: Relevance for SSF Important to engage with inter-sectoral processes that have implications for the fisheries sector, in a context where: –There is increasing competition over coastal and marine resources (oil exploration, tourism, ports, industry, urban growth…) –Fisheries is now only one (and perhaps the `least powerful’) among other users of coastal resources and space

3. Convention on Biological Diversity Outcome of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) process Opened for signature in 1992 One of the most widely ratified Convention- 188 Parties

4. Objectives To provide for the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources

5. Important articles Article 8: In situ Conservation (j) Subject to its national legislation, respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices;

6. Important articles Article 10: Sustainable Use of Components of Biological Diversity Each Contracting Party shall, as far as possible and as appropriate: –(c) Protect and encourage customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements;

7. Important programmes of work Marine and coastal biological diversity –Integrated marine and coastal area management –Marine and coastal living resources –Marine and coastal protected areas –Mariculture –Alien species and genotypes Inland biodiversity Protected Areas Island Biodiversity

8. Important working groups Working group on Article 8(j) (Traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities) Ad Hoc Open ended Working Group on Access and Benefit Sharing Ad Hoc Open ended Working Group on Protected Areas

9. Important recent COP Decisions Decision VII/5 – Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity Decision VII/11 – Ecosystem Approach (Principles of Ecosystem Approach) Decision VII/12 – Sustainable Use (Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity) Decision VII/14 – Biodiversity and tourism (Guidelines on Biodiversity and tourism development)

10. Important COP Decisions Decision VII/16 – Article 8j (Akwé: Kon 57/ Voluntary Guidelines for the Conduct of Cultural, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment regarding Developments Proposed to Take Place on, or which are Likely to Impact on, Sacred Sites and on Lands and Waters Traditionally Occupied or Used by Indigenous and Local Communities) Decision VII/28 – Protected Areas (Programme of work on protected areas) Decision VIII/24 – Protected Areas (Funding mechanisms)

11. Marine Protected Areas The CBD has set a target of bringing in 10 per cent of the world’s oceans under protection by 2012 According to a 2006 CBD report, only 0.6 (2.2 million sq km) per cent of the world’s oceans are under protection As much as 62 per cent of the area under protection is estimated to be in territorial waters (0 to 12 miles) and 38 per cent in the EEZ (12 to 200 miles). Six per cent of the territorial seas worldwide are now estimated to be under MPAs.

12. Map showing MPA location

13. Cumulative Area under MPAs

14. Marine Protected Areas Most States have declared their intention to increase the extent of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) to meet CBD targets Some examples: –Canada - Establish 10 new national parks and 5 new national marine conservation areas by 2007 –Indonesia - Establish 10 million hectares of marine protected areas by 2010

15. Marine Protected Areas Significant funding to go into MPAs in the coming years to meet pre-set targets (GEF, large environmental groups…). There is consensus on mobilizing private sector funding.

16. Marine Protected Areas Questions remain about whether establishing MPAs is the best approach for conserving marine biodiversity/ fisheries resources Major issues also about the way MPAs are being established and the negative impact on local communities (tourism the major beneficiary…)

17. Marine Protected Areas Programme Element 2 on Governance, Participation, Equity and Benefit Sharing stresses the full and effective participation of local and indigenous communities in protected area management. Basic Principles in Annex I on the Elaborated Programme of Work On Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity, under Decision VII/5 (COP7, Kuala Lumpur, 2004), stresses that the programme should make a direct contribution to poverty alleviation