1. WF SEM II Describe legal issues affecting the marketing of Sport/Entertainment products Discuss the impact of unions on the S & E industries.

2. Athlete and Entertainer Issues
Athletes & Entertainers seek to make themselves a brand
Michael Jordan created a brand image for himself.
Ex. Air Jordan shoes, clothing, and accessories are sold in local retail stores

3. Athletes & Entertainers
Want to create an image for themselves.
Sometimes they organize or endorse charity tournaments.
To help with time, place, budget, promotion, concessions, sponsorship, prizes, etc. they hire marketing firms.

4. Athlete and Entertainer Issues
Consumer buying may be influenced by the endorsers of a product.
Athletes and entertainers control what products they endorse. Must match their intended image and brand.
Athletes & entertainers have the ability to influence the market.

5. Athlete and Entertainer Issues
Agents represent athletes and entertainers in negotiations.
Agents understand the legal concepts behind contracts.
Agents are paid a percentage of earnings and understand the legalities of contracts.
Handlers are used to deal with difficult clients.
Many times today, agents are lawyers or have law training.
As we have seen, not all agents are ethical.

6. Athlete and Entertainer Issues (continued)
Contract disputes with management often result in negative connotations from the media.
Disputes affect the value and image of the athlete or entertainer.
Ex. MLB contract disputes in the mid-90’s resulted in a player strike. It was not until the homerun race between Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa that baseball reclaimed a substantial fan base.

7. Athlete and Entertainer Issues (continued)
Reserve Clause: a clause in a players contract that stated when the contract expired, the player would automatically remain the property of the club that they originally signed with.
Players were required to:
Negotiate a new contract
Ask to be released or traded
Abolished by MLB in 1975, no longer exists in any major sport
Free agency allows players to explore options of moving to another team with little or no financial penalty.
Higher player/personnel costs result from bidding wars for certain players.
Salary caps limit the amount a team may spend on contracts.
Less profitable teams are protected from continual losses.
A luxury tax is paid by teams that exceed the salary cap in the NBA and is split between less profitable teams.

8. ETHICS
Recognizing the difference between right and wrong, then choosing what is right. Ethical decisions can be COMPLEX.
Guides how an organization behaves.
Subjective , unique to an individual– not right or wrong but pertaining to the individual situation

9. Social Responsibility
Dictates that corporations must be responsible members of society.
Companies need to be active and positive members of the community.
The goal is to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, and the public.

10. Analyze Ethical Practices & Codes of Conduct
Organizations must be above reproach and hold themselves to high standards.
Corporations adopt Codes of conduct: regulations regarding worker conduct
Codes of conduct improve:
-public perception/image
-business operations
Above reproach – meaning nobody should be able to question your actions

11. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products.
Certain products are protected from reproduction or use unless permission is granted by the owner.
Intellectual property is a person’s thoughts or creations. Protecting intellectual property is important because:
Substantial profit is a reflection of a good idea.
Businesses who originate an idea and protect it usually maximize profits.

12. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
Patents are granted for an invention or an improvement on a product. Patents are granted for a limited period of time.
Trademarks and service marks.
A word, phrase, symbol, or design that identifies and distinguishes the company from others.
Granted legal protection through the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

13. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
Trademark infringement is a violation of the exclusive rights attached to a trademark without the authorization of the trademark owner or any licensees.
Ex. When one party, the “infringer”, uses a trademark which is identical or confusingly similar to a trademark owned by another party.

14. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
The owners of logos can license others to use their logo to sell merchandise.
Billions of dollars of merchandise are sold without licensing.
Team owners see this as potential loss of revenue.
May result in higher prices for legally registered merchandise.

15. Using an Athlete’s Identity
You may use their identity in a book, TV news show, newspaper, or magazine, but marketers must learn where to draw the line between freedom of expression and violations of rights of privacy or publicity.
You may not use their identity on your advertisements without their consent!

16. Using an Athlete’s Identity (cont)
Celebrity Rights
Right of privacy
celebrity can sue for invasion of privacy when his/her seclusion has been intruded upon, when s/he has been given an unreasonable amount of publicity, or when s/he has been placed in a false light.
Tabloids
Right of publicity
protects a person from the unauthorized use of his/ her name and likeness for financial gain.

17. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
Copyrights are granted to creators of:
Literary works (novels, poems, newspapers).
Artistic works (photography, paintings).
Broadcasts (television, radio, Internet).
Films.
Original musical composition.
Industrial designs apply to structural designs, aesthetics, or the look of a product.
Certification marks are used to protect and certify the way products are made. (process)

18. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
Collective marks are symbols used for a group or organization.
Most sports and entertainment companies need to retain legal counsel to navigate and protect their company.
The Lanham Trademark Act is designed to protect trademarks, certification marks, and collective marks.
Teams or leagues such as the NFL, NBA, and Duke University own their logos.

19. Discuss legal issues associated with marketing products. (cont..)
Identity Misappropriation is an unauthorized use of another’s name, likeness, or identity without that person’s permission, resulting in harm to that person.
Injunction, is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do or refrain from doing specific acts.
EX: Stop the manufacture of concert t’s for sale out of the trunk of a car in the parking lot at a concert, using entertainers logo or image.

20. Sherman Antitrust Act
Federal legislation to protect industries from having one competitor that discourages competition within the industry. No monopolies!
MLB is the only branch of sports identified as exempt from the Sherman Antitrust Act.

21. Broadcasting Rules Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 Blackouts
allows leagues to pool their broadcasting rights and sell them as a package to television networks.
Blackouts
League can block its broadcast in the home territory if the game is not a sell-out.
Meant to encourage ticket sales but are often a source of frustration for fans.
Pressure on sport/event marketers working to sell out games and keep public relations positive.

22. Collective bargaining can be used in most sports with the exception of Major League Baseball.
Excludes MLB because of the Sherman Antitrust Act ruling.
Gives players the right to organize, use the agent of choice and protect themselves.
Collective bargaining agreements are agreements between players’ associations (or unions) and team ownership/management.

23. Collective Bargaining (continued)
Collective bargaining gives players the right to organize, use the agent of choice and protect themselves. Also includes:
A minimum salary
Player’s rights
Medical disability insurance
Labor rules
Length of contract
Restrictions of certain activities or behaviors.
Rules for agents
Player and team travel

24. Players’ Associations aka Players’ Union
The labor unions represent athletes and function the same as unions in other industries. Formed in the 1970’s.
They help aid athletes in issues such as salaries, contracts, and profit sharing.
The sports’ league represents the owners and managers and their goals = control costs.

25. STRIKE!
When negotiations between a players’ union and the owners’ organization cannot be reached, the players might vote to determine if they should go on strike.
National Labor Relations Act all U.S. workers the right to organize into unions to collectively bargain and strike.
This leads to no revenue being generated, employees not working, and a decrease in consumer spending.

26. LOSS PREVENTION: Ticketing
Counterfeit tickets: Fake tickets often sold by scalpers or over the Internet
Buy tickets in advance to ensure they are real and buy them from official ticket outlets.

27. LOSS PREVENTION: Ticketing (CONT)
Every official sport/event ticket should contain these five basic pieces of information:
Price—base amount plus applicable taxes and service charges
Event specifics—name of the event or opponent, day/date/time, location
Seating—gate information, section/row/seat
Legal disclaimers—“The management reserves the right to…”
Unique policies—information about refunds/exchanges, lost tickets, rain checks, etc.

28. LOSS PREVENTION: Security
Security. All the functions of a sport/event organization are dependent on each other. Marketers want to sell a favorable image of their team.
Coming to a game must be safe and fun
Security teams are put in place to prevent the theft from fans during games
Work with law enforcement to control crowds and diffuse any potentially dangerous situations
After the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States, security became tighter than ever, especially at hallmark sport events

29. LOSS PREVENTION: Insurance
Transfer some risks to insurance companies
Every state has different laws regarding insurance
Teams and leagues need to be insured
Athletes, venues, sponsors, vendors, and licensees are insured
There are many types of insurances involved with sports and events, including
Fire, theft, injury, and cancellation insurance.
Prize indemnity insurance protects sport/event organizations
I mean seriously, who pays if you make that half court shot at halftime?

30. CONTRACTS: Sponsor
Exclusivity A right purchased by a sponsor to be the sole provider of a particular type of good or service for a sport/event
Option to renew: allows the sponsor to extend the agreement after the contract expires
Right of first refusal: event organizers will allow the sponsor the opportunity to renew before offering the contract to any other sponsors

31. CONTRACTS: TV & Venue $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
TELEVISION: Negotiations with broadcasters are very complex due to the high interest in sport events and the increase in satellite, cable, and Internet options for viewing them.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Venue contracts usually include:
lease rate along with
provisions for security and concession.
Venue contracts with personnel include:
a detailed list of responsibilities,
begin and end dates for work,
payment schedules, and
tax withholding.
These agreements also specify any provisions for changes in the contract, such as an extension or an increase in responsibilities.