1. Chapter 8: Computer Security and Privacy

2. 2 Learning Objectives  Explain why all computer users should be concerned about computer security.  List some risks associated with hardware loss, damage, and system failure, and understand ways to safeguard a PC against these risks.  Define software piracy and digital counterfeiting and explain how they may be prevented.  Explain what information privacy is and why computer users should be concerned about it.

3. 3 Learning Objectives  Describe some privacy concerns regarding databases, electronic profiling, spam, and telemarketing, and identify ways individuals can protect their privacy.  Discuss several types of electronic surveillance and monitoring and list ways individuals can protect their privacy.  Discuss the status of security and privacy legislation.

4. 4 Overview  This chapter covers: Why computer security is important Security concerns related to hardware loss and damage and precautions that can be taken Security concerns on Internet and Network attacks and precautions that can be taken A discussion of software piracy and digital counterfeiting and steps to reduce the occurrence of them Why information privacy is important Possible risks for personal privacy violations and precautions to safeguard one’s privacy Discussion of legislation related to computer security and privacy

5. 5 Why Be Concerned About Computer Security?  There are a number of security concerns related to computers that users should be aware of, including: Having a PC stolen Internet and Network Attacks Losing important data Losing contact lists Pirated or counterfeited products

6. 6 Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Hardware loss: Can occur when a portable PC, USB flash drive, mobile device, or other piece of hardware is stolen or lost by the owner  Hardware theft: One of the most obvious types of hardware loss Occurs when hardware is stolen from an individual or an organization Hardware can be stolen from homes, businesses, cars, airports, hotels, etc. Often for the value of the hardware, but increasingly for the information that might be contained on the hardware  C level attacks are growing

7. 7 Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Hardware damage: Can be accidental or intentional  System failure: The complete malfunction of a computer system Can be due to a hardware problem, software problem, or computer virus Can be due to a natural disaster or planned attack

8. 8 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Use door and computer equipment locks Cable locks Security slots

9. 9 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Use encryption to protect data Increasingly used with USB flash drives, notebook PCs, hard drives, etc. Full disk encryption (FDE): Everything on storage medium is encrypted Self-encrypting hard drive: A hard drive using FDE

10. 10 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Computer tracking software: Used to find a PC after it is lost or stolen Sends out identifying data via the Internet Law enforcement can use this data to recover the PC Most often used with PCs but also available for other devices Kill switch: Software used to destroy sensitive data on a stolen or lost PC  Other precautions: Alarm software, tamper evident labels, etc. Common sense

11. 11 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure

12. 12 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Proper hardware care: Needed to prevent damage Ruggedized PCs: Designed for more abuse than conventional hardware

13. 13 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure Surge suppressor: Protects hardware from damage due to electrical fluctuations Uninterruptible power supply (UPS): Provides continuous power to a computer system for a period of time after the power goes off

14. 14 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure Also:  Watch dust, moisture, static, heat, etc.  Avoid head crash  Stop USB devices before removing  Use screen protectors, jewel cases, etc.

15. 15 Protecting Against Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Backup and disaster recovery plans: Both businesses and individuals should use appropriate backup procedures Continuous data protection (CDP): Enables data backups to be made on a continual basis Backup media needs to be secured  Data storage companies store backup media at secure remote locations  Online backup is another possibility Disaster-recovery plan: Spells out what an organization will do to prepare for and recover from a disruptive event  Hot sites

16. INTERNET & NETWORK ATTACKS  Computer Viruses, worms and Trojan Horses  Are classified as malware (malicious software)  Computer virus- potentially damaging computer program that affects or infects a computer negatively by altering the way computer works without the user knowledge or permission. Once the virus infects the computer it can spread throughout and damage files, system software

17. INTERNET & NETWORK ATTACKS  A worm - is a program that copies itself repeatedly, for example in memory or on a network using up resources and possibly shutting down the computer or network  A Trojan Horse – is a program that hides within looks like legitimate program. A certain condition or action usually triggers the Trojan horse. A Trojan horse does not replicate itself to other computers

18. INTERNET & NETWORK ATTACKS  Computer infected has one or more following symptoms: Screen displays unusual message or image Music or unusual sound plays randomly Available memory is less than expected Existing programs and files disappear Files become corrupted Programs or files do not work properly Unknown programs or files mysteriously appear System properties change

19. INTERNET & NETWORK ATTACKS  Malware deliver their payload on a computer in four basic ways: Opens an infected files Runs an infected program Boots the computer with infected removable media inserted in a drive or plugged in a port Connects an unprotected computer to a network

20. INTERNET & NETWORK ATTACKS  Tips for preventing virus, worm and Trojan horse (malware) infections: Never start a computer with removable media inserted in the drives or plugged in the ports unless the media are uninfected Never open an email attachment unless you are expecting it and it is from a trusted source. Turn off message preview Set the macro security in programs so you can enable or disable macros. Enable macros only if the document is from a trusted source and you are expecting it

21.  Install an antivirus program on all of your computers. Update the software regularly. Obtain updates to the virus signature files on a regular basis  Check all downloaded programs for viruses, worms, or Trojan horses. This malware often is placed in seemingly innocent programs, so it will affect a large number of users  If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete the attachment immediately  Before using any removable media, use the antivirus scan program to check the media for infection. Incorporate this procedure even for shrink-wrapped software from major developers. Some commercial software has been infected and distributed to unsuspecting users this way  Install a personal firewall program. Tips for preventing virus, worm and Trojan horse (malware) infections:

22. 22 Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting  Software piracy: Unauthorized copying of a computer program Widespread, global problem Occurs when:  Individuals make illegal copies of software to give to friends  Businesses or individuals install software on more than the number of computers allowed according to the end-user license agreement (EULA)  Sellers install unlicensed copies on PCs sold to consumers  Large-scale operations in which programs and packaging are illegally duplicated and sold as supposedly legitimate products

23. 23 Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting

24. 24 Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting  Digital counterfeiting: The use of computers to make illegal copies of currency, checks, collectibles, and other items Often scanned and printed or color-copied

25. 25 Protection Against Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting  Protection against software piracy: Educating businesses and consumers Strengthening antipiracy laws Holograms: Printed text or images attached to a product that change their appearance when the product is tilted Mandatory product registration/activation Watching online auction sites/lawsuits

26. 26 Protection Against Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting  Protecting against digital counterfeiting New currency designs  Microprinting, watermarks, security thread, etc.  Special paper is used with U.S. currency Identifying technology included in digital imaging hardware Digital watermarks: Subtle alteration to a digital item that is not noticeable but that can be retrieved to identify the owner of the item Also can use:  Holograms, RFID tags, and other hard-to-reproduce content

27. 27 Protection Against Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting

28. 28 Why Be Concerned About Information Privacy?  Privacy: State of being concealed or free from unauthorized intrusion  Information privacy: Rights of individuals and companies to control how information about them is collected and used  Computers add additional privacy challenges Many data breaches recently due to lost or stolen hardware, carelessness with documents containing sensitive data, database breaches, etc.  Businesses need to be concerned with the expense, damage to reputation, and possible lawsuits  Web activity and e-mail privacy was discussed in Chapter 8; other privacy concerns are discussed next

29. 29 Databases, Electronic Profiling, Spam, and Other Marketing Activities  Marketing database: Collection of data about people, used for marketing purposes Data obtained through online and offline purchases, public information, etc. Beginning to be used in conjunction with Web activities  Government database: Collection of data about people, collected and maintained by the government Tax information, Social Security earnings, personal health records, marriage and divorce information Some information is confidential, other is public

30. 30 Databases, Electronic Profiling, Spam, and Other Marketing Activities

31. 31 Databases, Electronic Profiling, Spam, and Other Marketing Activities  Electronic profiling Using electronic means to collect a variety of in-depth information about an individual

32. 32 Databases, Electronic Profiling, Spam, and Other Marketing Activities  Privacy policy: Discloses how information you provide will be used Included on many Web sites

33. 33 Spam and Other Marketing Activities  Spam: Unsolicited, bulk e-mail sent over the Internet Often involves health-related products, fraudulent business opportunities, pornography, etc. Ads from companies a person has done business with are also considered to be spam by many Appearing via instant messaging (spim) Also delivered via mobile phones and fax machines Spam legislation enacted some regulations regarding spam  Other annoyances Pop-up ads Pop-under ads Telemarketing

34. 34 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information  Safeguard your e-mail address Use a throw-away e-mail address (an extra e-mail address that you can use for activities that might result in spam)  Get a second e-mail address from your ISP or from Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, or Gmail  Can stop using it and get a new one when needed

35. 35 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information  Be cautious of revealing personal information Read a Web site’s privacy policy Can use privacy software, such as the free Privacy Bird program Do not supply personal information to people in chat rooms

36. 36 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information Avoid putting too many personal details on your Web site Be wary of sites offering prizes in exchange for personal information Can use an anonymous Web browsing service, such as Anonymizer Supply only the required information in registration forms Delete your browsing history and e-mail settings when using a public computer

37. 37 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information

38. 38 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information  Use an e-mail filter to automatically route possible spam into a special folder to deal with later

39. 39 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information  Can opt out from marketing activities Some privacy groups want individuals to have to opt in to activities instead Do Not Call Registry: Can reduce calls from telemarketers Do Not E-Mail Registry: May be a possibility for the future, but more difficult to implement  Web servers holding sensitive data should be secured Only enter personal information on Web sites using secure servers Automatic encryption systems for e-mail can help sensitive data from accidentally being revealed

40. 40 Protecting the Privacy of Personal Information  Properly dispose of hardware and outdated data Wipe (not just delete) data on hard drives before disposing of a computer or hard drive Storage media containing sensitive data should be shredded Businesses should have a media sanitation/data destruction policy

41. 41 Electronic Surveillance and Monitoring  Computer monitoring software: Used to record an individual’s computer usage either by capturing images of the screen or by recording the actual keystrokes used Can be used in homes by adults to monitor computer usage of children or spouse Can be used in businesses to monitor employee computer usage Keystroke-logging programs: Used to capture keystrokes  Can be used by hacker to capture usernames, passwords, and other sensitive information entered into a PC Used by the government in criminal investigations

42. 42 Computer Monitoring Software

43. 43 Electronic Surveillance and Monitoring  Video surveillance: The use of video cameras to monitor activities of individuals Used to monitor employees Used in public locations for crime-prevention purposes  Stores and other businesses  Public streets  Subways, airports, etc. Can be used with face recognition software Privacy issues also involved with the use of camera phones

44. 44 Video Surveillance

45. 45 Electronic Surveillance and Monitoring  Employee monitoring: Observing or reviewing employees’ actions while they are on the job Can monitor computer usage Can monitor physical location  Video cameras  GPS capabilities built into cars or mobile phones  Proximity cards  Can also be used to access facility, computer, etc. Businesses should notify employees

46. 46 Electronic Surveillance and Monitoring  Presence technology: Enables one computing device to locate and identify the current status of another device on the same network Instant messaging, mobile phones, etc. Can be used to locate coworkers or by customers May also be used for marketing activities in the future

47. 47 Protecting Personal and Workspace Privacy  Can use antispyware software to detect if someone is monitoring your computer usage  Employers have a responsibility to keep employee and customer information private and secured  Employees should be familiar with their company’s employee policy and avoid personal activities at work

48. 48 Computer Security and Privacy Legislation  Difficult for legal system to keep pace with technology  Difficult to balance freedom of speech with privacy

49. 49 Computer Security and Privacy Legislation

50. 50 Summary  Why Be Concerned About Computer Security  Hardware Loss, Damage, and System Failure  Software Piracy and Digital Counterfeiting  Why Be Concerned About Information Privacy  Databases, Electronic Profiling, Spam, and Other Marketing Activities  Electronic Surveillance and Monitoring  Computer Security and Privacy Legislation