1. بِسۡمِ ٱللهِ ٱلرَّحۡمَـٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيم The school of thought in Islam
The position of Muslims individual

2. CONTENT Introduction Islamic legislation
Emergence of the school of thought
Compilation of fiqh
The school of thought
The major school of thought
Reason for differences
The present day
Conclusion

3. Introduction Definitions
Definition of fiqh ( (فقهunderstanding, but it is simply translated into English as “Islamic law”
ما ىرىد الله به خىرا ىفقه ف الدىن
“To whomever Allah wishes good, he gives the fiqh (true understanding ) of the religion “
Technically, fiqh is refers to as science of deducing Islamic law of evidence found in the sources of Islamic law.

4. The word madhhab is derived from an Arabic word meaning ذهب "to go" "to take as a way"
يمثل المذهب المدرسة بأكملها فكرة وجود الإمام المجتهد معين
A madhhab represents the entire school of thought of a particular mujtahid Imam, such as Abu Hanifa, Malik, Shafi'i, or Ahmad--together with many first-rank scholars that came after each of these in their respective schools, who checked their evidences and refined and upgraded their work.
للقرآن والحديث على مسألة معينة.
Most importantly it is refers to a mujtahid's choice in regard to a number of interpretive possibilities in deriving the rule of Allah from the primary texts of the Qur'an and hadith on a particular question.

5. Islamic legislation The sources of Islamic legislation The Quran
The Sunnah
The opinion of the sahabah
Qiyas

6. The basis of Islamic legislation
The removal of difficulty
The reduction of religious obligation
The realization of public welfare
The realization of universal justice
The Prophet (saw) said: “The best of people are those that bring most benefit to the rest of mankind.” (Daraqutni, Hasan Hadith)

7. Emergence of the school of thought
The development of fiqh ,falls traditionally in to six major stages names as fallows:
foundation
establishment
Building
flowering
consolidation
stagnation and decline .

8. Emergence of the school of thought
Foundation : the era of the prophet (saw) ( )
Establishment .: the era of the righteous caliphs ,from the dealth of the prophet to the middle of the seventh century CE( ).
Building: from the founding of the Umayyad dynasty (661CE) until its decline in the middle of 8th century CE.
Flowering: from the rise of the ‘Abbasid dynasty in the middle of 8th century CE to the beginning of its decline around the middle of the 10th century CE.
Consolidation: the decline of the ‘Abbasid dynasty from about 960 CE to the murder of the last Abbasid caliphs at hands of the Mongols in the middle of the 13 century CE .

9. The time of the prophet
وَمَا يَنطِقُ عَنِ ٱلۡهَوَىٰٓ (إِنۡ هُوَ إِلَّا وَحۡىٌ۬ يُوحَىٰ 
Nor does he say (aught) of (his own) Desire. (3) It is no less than inspiration sent down to him: Quran 53 vs 3-4
Quran 33 vs 45-46
The prophet is the only source of Islamic jurisprudents

10. The period of the companion (sahabah)
One madhhab
The mudhhab of the sahabah
Consensus of the sahabah (ijtimah )

11. Reason for compilation
Compilation of fiqh
8th century ummayad dynasty
Reason for compilation
To preserve the ijtihad of the rightly guided caliph
To prevent the new caliph manipulating the fiqh to justify their deviation
The dispersion of U’lama (Muslim scholar)
As sudaisy Islamic concept

12. Names of school of thought
Imam Awzaa’ madh-hab
Imam Abu Anifah madh-hab
Imam Maliki madh-hab
Imam Zayd madh-hab
Imam laythi madh-hab
Al thawri madh-hab
Imam Shafi’ madh-hab
Imam Anbali madh-hab
Adhaairee madh-hab
Jareeri madh-hab

13. The major school of thought
Imam Abu Hanifa
703 – 767 (64 years)
Imam Maliki
717 – 801 (83 years)
Imam Shafi’
(51 years)
Imam Anbali
(77 years)

14. Imam al-Nu΄man ibn Thabit (Abu Hanifa)
was born to a non-Arab father
raised in Kufa, and died in Baghdad
Considered as minor tabi’un (the follower of student of the sahabah)
Ahlau ra’hi (People of reasoning)
Hanafi follower are mostly find in India, Afghanistan, pakistan, Iraq, syria, Turkey, Guyana, trinidad, and north of Egypt.

15. Imam Malik Ibn Anas He was born in the holy city of Madina,
Ahlu l hadith (people of Hadith)
Famous compilation (Al muwatta’)
follower are mostly find in Sudan, North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria and morocco ), west Africa (Nigeria, Mali, Chad, etc.) Arabian Gulf states (Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain).

16. Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi΄i
Imam Shafi΄i was born in Hijaz
his school of thought emerged in Egypt.
Study under imam Maliki and memorized the whole of Imam Maliki book (muwatta’).
He combined both the teaching of the Madinah and Iraq knows as people of hadith and the people reasoning .
follower can be found majorly in Egypt, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Africa, (Kenya ,Tanzania)

17. Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal He was born and died in Baghdad.
His vast collection known as Al musnad, which contained about 30,000 hadiths as well as various opinions of the sahabah concerning their interpretation
He only gained popularity in Najd (a region of the Arabian Peninsula) due to the ideas of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of Wahabism.

18. Reason for differences
Differences among the sahabah
Ibu umar (madeenah) people of hadith
Abdullah ibn mas’ud (kuffa) people of reasoning
Word meaning
Narration of hadith
Admissibility of certain principle
Method of Qiyas

19. The present day
following the Qur'an and sunna instead of following the madhhabs
The Qur'an and the hadith, has been conveyed to us through Islamic scholars.
To follow a madhhab means to follow a super scholar who not only had a comprehensive knowledge of the Qur'an and hadith texts relating to each issue he gave judgements on, but also lived in an age a millennium closer to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) and his Companions,

20. The present day Quranic evidence
Surat al-Nahl,  " Ask those who recall, if you know not " (Qur'an 16:43), 
Surat al-Nisa, 
" If they had referred it to the Messenger and to those of authority among them, then those of them whose task it is to find it out would have known the matter " (Qur'an 4:83), 
Hadith
Scholars are heir of the prophet

21. The present day Absent of Qualified muslim scholars
Taqleed (blind following)
Absent of caliphate (Muslim Leader)

22. الله اعلمAllah knows best
Conclusion
The issue of the mathaahib is simple and complex
All the scholars of the major schools were 100% united in all the major issues in Islam.
And hold fast, All together, by the rope which God (stretches out for you), and be not divided among yourselves; Quran 3 vs 103
Be a teacher, a student or a questioner
Tolerance and Dynamic approach
الله اعلمAllah knows best