1. Discourse and culture

2. The speakers in an interaction have to organize the structure and content of what they want to say. They have to package their messages in accordance with what they think their listeners do and do not know, as well as sequence everything in a coherent way.

3. Language use is functional interpersonal function: taking part in social interaction. textual function: creating well-formed and appropriate text. ideational function: representing thought and experience in a coherent way.

4. It is investigating this much broader area of the form and function of what is said and written. (written text has no immediate interactive feedback, therefore more explicit structural mechanisms are necessary for the organization of text)

5. It covers an extremely wide range of activities from the narrowly focused investigation of how words such as 'oh' or 'well' are used in casual talk, to the study of the dominant ideology in a culture as represented, for example, in its educational or political practices. In linguistics, discourse analysis focuses on the record of the process by which language is used in some context to express intention. In pragmatics, we explore what the speaker/writer has in mind.

6. Coherence means that what is said/written will make sense in terms of their normal experience of things (locally interpreted and tied to the familiar and expected). [1] a. Plant Sale b. Garage Sale.

7. Identical structure, but different interpretation requires familiarity with suburban life. - Listeners tend to make instant interpretations of familiar material, and tend not to see possible alternatives. [2] How many animals of each type did Moses take on the Ark? if you think of 'two' you immediately access some common cultural knowledge, without noticing that 'Moses' was inappropriate

8. We automatically construct familiar scenarios to make sense of what might first appear to be odd events, as in the newspaper headline in [4] [4] Man Robs Hotel with Sandwich [4] interpreted as man used a sandwich in a bag as a gun, activates the kind of background knowledge expected by the writer. - You may also interpret it as the man was eating a sandwich while robbing the hotel.

9. Background knowledge Automatic interpretations are based on pre-existing knowledge structures (familiar patterns from previous experiences used to interpret new experiences )

10.  Schema (pl=schemata): is a pre-existing knowledge structure in memory  Frame: is a fixed, static pattern to the schema. A frame shared by everyone in a social group is like a prototypical version (e.g. apartment) [5] Apartment for rent: $ 500. 763-6683 'apartment for rent' advertisement frame

11. Script is pre-existing knowledge structure involving event sequences [6] I stopped to get some groceries, but there weren't any baskets left so by the time I arrived at the check-out counter I must have looked like a juggler having a bad day. Part of the speaker’s script for getting groceries involves having a basket and going to the check-out counter. Everything else not mentioned is assumed to be shared background knowledge (e.g. going through a door, walking around, picking up items from shelves) For members of different cultures the assumption of a shared script can lead to miscommunication

12. Cultural schemata: background knowledge structures for making sense of the world are culturally determined Situation: Australian factory supervisor assumes that workers know that Easter is close and hence everyone will have a holiday. He asked a Vietnamese worker: [7] You have five days off. What are you going to do? (The Vietnamese worker thought she is being laid off). What is good in one’s schema can sound bad in another’s.

14. Cross-cultural pragmatics : is the study of differences in expectations based on cultural schemata concepts and terminology provided so far provide a basic analytic framework, but the realization of those concepts may differ substantially from culture to culture. For example cooperative principle (different quantity or quality maxims) different turn-taking mechanisms in different cultures different interpretations of speech acts e.g., American English style of complimenting creates embarrassment for Native American Indian (perceived as excessive) or perceived by Japanese listeners as impossible to accept.

15. contrastive pragmatics Contrastive pragmatics is the study of different cultural ways of speaking.

16. Inter language Pragmatics is the study of communicative behavior of non-native speakers, attempting to communicate in their second language. Pragmatic accent is aspects of our talk that indicate what we assume is communicated without being said.

17. Examples: Speech acts  In English offers can be made in the form of questions (‘Would you like another piece of cake?’), this is not used in Polish (instead: direct suggestion ‘Take another piece!’)  - Anglo-American apologies for an offence include acknowledgement of fault, Japanese ones do not (preferring to offer a remedy)  - Anglo-American apologies for refusing an invitation have precise explanation

18. Example situations: Korean student helps Anglo-American tutor with computer K: Do you know how to use this program? A: Approximately (MODESTY MAXIM) K assumes A knows nothing

19. the German student voices disagreement directly, even highlights dissent (‘No, no, that’s not right’) - the Chinese speaker signals consent before indicating disagreement (‘I believe not, but I must say there is’). - the Chinese speaker concedes the argument to end the conflict. the Chinese speaker perceives the German speaker as aggressive the German speaker perceives the Chinese speaker as boring (or insincere

20. Discourse structure : East Asian inductive style: start with topic/background, then move to main point Western deductive style: start with main point, then give reasons

21. بشرى السلمي نوال اللهيبي وجدان السليماني جواهر البركاتي