1. Mammals – Part I VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY (VZ Lecture29 – Spring 2012 Althoff - reference PJH Chapter 18) Bill Horn

2. Mammals are… space-age reptiles. THEY ______ & _______ FASTER!!!!

3. Origins of Mammals Have to think “synapsids” first…. Synapsids thought to have originated at the end of the Paleozoic ~300-290 MYA Three major radiations: 1) pelycosaurs (~300-250 MYA…now extinct) 2) therapsids (~250-140 MYA…now extinct) 3) mammals (~206 MYA to today) and considered “mammal-like reptiles Mammal _________________ peaked in the Cenozoic (starting ~ 90-65 MYA) 1 2 3 21

4. Fig. 18-2, p489 PJH Mammal-like reptiles t Mammals 1 2 3

5. Dominance of Mammals Dominance by mammals occurred during late Cretaceous period…after decline of ruling reptiles…90-65 MYA Why did Synapid reptiles decline…and mammals flourish? Two explanations have been offered….

6. Reptiles “out”, Mammals “in”?? Competition from other reptile groups Changing climatic conditions

7. Back to Mammalian Dominance Specifically, late Cretaceous period to Paleocene epoch Adaptative __________ led to dominance during Cenozoic era

8. Periods of Extinction & Radiation MASS Extinction: dinosaurs & reptiles 60-144 mya Significant extinctions for mammals: 37-58 mya 24-37 mya 100,000 – 2 mya Significant radiations associated with break-up of Pangaea & continental drift as well as increased faunal and floral diversity…most pronounced during Paleocene ( next slide )

10. “Modern” mammals Geologic time division when most modern families (aka family diversity) appeared is the Oligocene (37-24 MYA) & Miocene (24-5 MYA) Oligocene and Miocene may have also represented the period of greatest species diversity as well

11. Skull Characteristics Differ from reptiles with development of perforations of temporal portion Anapsid = no temporal opening vs. Diapsid = 2 temporal openings, separated by post orbital process vs. __________ = 1 opening  MAMMALS

12. SYNAPSID ANAPSID DIAPSID MAMMALS arose from… Lizards & snake arose from.. Lineage lead to turtles

13. “Better” skull design…advantages Mammalian skull design (originating from reptilian lineage subclass Synapsida) a) increased freedom for expansion of ____________________ b) selective advantage gained by _______________________ (i.e., less bone, less wt. = bone replaced by opening) or

14. Anapsid (primitive amniotes & turtles) Synapsid (mammals) More room for “bulging” muscles Cross-sectional view Lateral view Adductor muscle Adductor muscle

15. Evolutionary Trends in Synapsids Key change from during evolution of synapsid lineage was crossing of physiological boundary from ectothermy to ________________ “Changes” from a physiological perspective— which would influence metabolic rate—obviously not fossilized. But changes in skulls and skeletons can offer clues how higher metabolic rates could have been achieved: 1) greater food intake or rate of feeding (FR = food-related) 2) greater respiration rate (AR = activity-related)

16. Fig. 18-6, p495 PJH Pelycosaur Noncynodont therapsid Cynodont therapsid Early Mammal Megazostrodon

17. “Mods”  SIZE OF THE TEMPORAL FENESTRA—larger fenestra indicates a greater volume of jaw musculature…also larger temporal fossa   CONDITION OF THE LOWER TEMPORAL BAR— bar of bone owed out from skull behind the orbit indicates presence of masseter muscle. For mammals, zygomatic arch “bows” out   LOWER JAW AND JAW JOINT—change from only about half of lower jaw with teeth to greatly expanded dentary. For mammals, dentary now forms a new jaw joint with skull—coronoid process prominent 

18. “Mods” …con’t  TEETH—specialization of the dentition. Went from homodont to heterodont condition (i.e., differentiated teeth) resulting in change in size, form, and function. Impacts chewing motion as well in combo with #2   DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY PALATE— separates nasal passage from mouth allowing animal to eat and breath at the same time   POSITION OF THE LIMBS—placed more underneath the body 

19. “Mods” …con’t  SHAPE OF THE LIMB GIRDLES—more lightly built girdles than the “mammal-like” reptiles. Mammals have reduced pubis and a rod-shaped ilium….allows more dorsoventral flexion (see 10, too)   SHAPE OF FEET—Shorter toes. Calcaneal heal provides a lever arm for a greater degree of push- off from the gastrocnemius (calf) muscle)   FORM OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN— loss of lumbar ribs, reduction of cervical ribs suggest presence of muscular diaphragm 

20. Classification & Diversity of Mammals CLASS Mammalia ORDERS 29 153 FAMILIES ~ 1,200 GENERA > SPECIES

21. Fig. 18-2, p489 PJH Mammal-like reptiles t EXTANT… mammals 321

22. MONOTREMATA  order (3 species) “egg-laying” mammals) MARSUPIALIA  infraclass (242 species) (7 orders within “pouched mammals”) All others-“placental mammals”  Infraclass EUTHERIA (eutherians) (4,500-plus species) (21 orders within “placentals”) 1 2 3

23. TIME Early Mammal groups Monotremes (egg-layers) Marsupials (pouched) Eutherians (placentals)