1. Morphology General Zoology, 24 January 2011 Donald Winslow
Readings from Hickman et al. 2011:
Ch. 9 pp , ,

2. Morphology Biological hierarchy Grades of organization & body plans
Describing locations on animal bodies
Body cavities & germ layers
Developmental patterns
Histology
Body size

3. Biological hierarchy Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism
Population
Community
Nine-banded armadillo

4. Grades of organization
Protoplasmic (e.g. protozoa)‏
Cellular (e.g. colonial protists, sponges)‏
Tissue or “cell-tissue” (e.g. jellyfish)‏
Organ or “tissue-organ” (e.g. flatworm)‏
Organ system (e.g. molluscs, arthropods)‏
Luna
moth

5. Body plans Unicellular protists vs multicellular animals
Protozoa vs Metazoa
Cell-level vs tissue-level organization
Porifera vs Eumetazoa
Radial symmetry vs bilateral symmetry
Sac vs “tube-within-a-tube” digestive tracts
Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate

6. Patterns of symmetry Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry
Photo by Richard Snow

7. Describing location on animal
Anterior/posterior
Dorsal/ventral
Medial/lateral
Distal/proximal
Frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes

8. Body cavities
Blastocoel
Gastrocoel (archenteron)‏
Pseudocoel
Coelom

9. Germ layers
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

10. Developmental patterns
Cleavage—radial or spiral
Gastrulation (germ layer formation)‏
Diploblastic or triploblastic
Protostome or deuterostome
Metamerism (segmentation)‏

11. Histology Blood plasma and interstitial fluids Tissues
Endoderm epithelium of digestive tract
Ectoderm skin & nervous tissue
Mesodermconnective tissue, muscles, viscera
Connective tissue:
collagen, blood, lymph, cartilage, bone, fat

12. Advantages & disadvantages of large body size
Predators can subdue larger prey,
But larger prey can’t hide as easily.
Larger animals have efficient metabolism,
But use more energy.
Larger animals have longer generations.

13. Humpback whale