1. Classification, Phylogeny, & Organization
Chapter 7 Notes

2. Classification Review
Taxonomic Hierarchy
Nomenclature

3. Review
What are the three Domains?
What are the six Kingdoms?

4. Domains & Kingdoms Bacteria Archea Eukarya Plantae Fungi Protista
Animalia

5. Eukaryotes Plantae Fungi Protista Animalia Multicellular Unicellular
Cell wall
Some have cell wall
No cell wall
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Auto/Heterotrophic
Non motile
Motile

6. Patterns of Organization
Symmetry – parts of an organism are equally arranged around a point or axis
Bilateral symmetry:
A single plane divides the organism into right and left mirror images
Ex: humans, dogs, fish, kangaroo , vertebrates
Radial symmetry:
Any plane passing through the central axis divides the organism into a mirror image
Ex: Sea Urchins, Jelly Fish, sea anemones, Echinoderms
Sea Star = “Penta-radial”
Asymmetry – absence of symmetry
Ex: sponges

7. Cephalization
The formation of a distinct head
Only occurs in animals

8. Terms of Direction Aboral – End opposite of mouth Oral – Mouth end
Anterior – front
Posterior – behind
Dorsal – backside
Ventral – belly side
Cephalic – towards head
Caudle – towards tail
Superior – above
Inferior – below
Medial – along the symmetry plane
Lateral – away from the symmetry plane
Distal – away from point of attachment
Proximal – toward point of attachment

10. Other Patterns of Organization
Unicellular Level of Organization
Protists
Must provide for the functions of
Locomotion
Food acquisition
Digestion
Water and ion regulation
Sensory perception
Reproduction
Diploblastic Level of Organization
Triploblastic Level of Organization

11. Diploblastic Organization
Simplest tissue-level organization
Tissues derived from two embryological layers
Ectoderm – gives rise to epidermis; outer layer
Epithelial cells - the epidermis or skin
Brain
nervous system
Endoderm – gives rise to gastrodermis, tissue that lines the gut cavity
lining of the stomach & intestines
Middle Layer = Mesoglea; noncellular

12. Triploblastic Organization
Tissues derived from three embryological layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm – gives rise to supportive tissues (bones), contractile tissues (muscles), and blood cells.
Endoderm
Most organisms with this level of organization develop organ systems.
Excretory, nervous, digestive, reproductive, circulatory systems
1st Hour Left off here

13. Triploblastic Animals are further Organized based on…
Presence or Absence of a Body Cavity
Acoelomate – solid mass/without cavity
Pseudocoelomate - body cavity not entirely lined by mesoderm
Coelomate – body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
Coelom = Cavity
3rd Hour Left off Here

14. Protostomes & Deuterostomes
Mouth forms from an embryonic blastopore
Blastopore: an indention in the blastula
Blastula: an early stage in the development of an embryo
Sphere of cells enclosing a fluid filled cavity
Ex: Platyhelminthes, Nematodes, Molluscs, Annelids, and Arthropods
Anus forms from an embryonic blastospore
Ex: Echinoderms, Hemichordates, Chordates