1. 1. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called:
A) DNA.
B) a chromosome.
C) a genome.
D) a gene complex. 96

2. 2. In adoption studies, scientists have found:
A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them.
B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with.
C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments.
D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents.
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3. 3. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries:
A) men prefer thinner women.
B) women prefer mates with wealth and status.
C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms.
D) women are marrying younger than ever before.
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4. 4. Rats raised in more stimulating environments resulted in:
A) “talented” rats who could count to ten.
B) happier and more sociable rats.
C) larger brains and more synaptic connections.
D) increased sexual activity.
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5. 5. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences.
A) less than 10 percent.
B) about 50 percent.
C) about 25 percent.
D) more than 50 percent.
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6. A) do not develop accents.
6. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers:
A) do not develop accents.
B) develop accents similar to their parents.
C) develop accents similar to their peers.
D) has no relation to their own speech.
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7. 7. Identical twins can differ in their development before they are born in cases of:
A) genetic mutations.
B) two placentas.
C) different fathers.
D) alcohol abuse.
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8. 8. Boys usually play ____ and girls usually play ____.
A) socially; aggressively
B) aggressively; competitively
C) with one friend; in large groups
D) large groups with an activity; with one friend
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9. C) male-female constructs. D) gender roles.
9: A set of expectations about the way men and women should behave are:
A) cultural norms.
B) gender identity.
C) male-female constructs.
D) gender roles.
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10. A) the experimental method B) cause-and-effect relationships
10. Tichner believed in the method called ____ to investigate psychological processes.
A) the experimental method
B) cause-and-effect relationships
C) introspection
D) psychoanalysis 4

11. 11. The first textbook was written by:
A) Washburn.
B) Titchner.
C) Wundt.
D) James. 6

12. A) neuroscience B) evolutionary C) cognitive D) psychodynamic
12. In studying anger, the psychologist who views an anger outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility is coming from the ___ perspective.
A) neuroscience
B) evolutionary
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic 11

13. 13. The psychologist most likely to treat mental disorders is the:
A) counseling psychologist.
B) clinical psychologist.
C) personality psychologist.
D) developmental psychologist. 12

14. 14. The ___ has a medical degree and prescribes medication.
A) clinical psychologist
B) neuropsychologist
C) psychiatrist
D) all of the above 13

15. A) industrial/organizational psychologist. B) clinical psychologist.
15. You are a VP in a major corporation and need to hire a professional to help hire and train employees more effectively. Your best choice would likely be a(n):
A) industrial/organizational psychologist.
B) clinical psychologist.
C) social psychologist.
D) cognitive psychologist. 12

16. 16. Research aimed at building psychology’s knowledge base is:
A) applied research.
B) academic research.
C) basic research.
D) theoretical research. 12

17. A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist
17. The ____ administers tests and provides therapy and the ___ prescribes medication.
A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist
B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist
C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist
D) school psychologist; clinical psychologist 13

18. A) neuro-developmental. B) biopsychosocial. C) bio-mental-behavioral.
18. Together, three different levels form an integrated approach to understanding psychological processes. This approach is called:
A) neuro-developmental.
B) biopsychosocial.
C) bio-mental-behavioral.
D) cognitive-behavioral. 10

19. 19. Julie appeared not to be surprised when the couple broke up
19. Julie appeared not to be surprised when the couple broke up. “I could have predicted that,” she said. Julie is demonstrating:
A) ESP.
B) hindsight bias.
C) overestimation the extent to which others share her opinion.
D) correlation proves causation. 20

20. 20. The following is an example of an operational definition:
A) stress is defined as how well a person adjusts to his/her environment.
B) personality is defined as how well that person relates to others.
C) empathy is defined as showing you can understand the other person’s feelings.
D) intelligence is defined as a score on an intelligence test.
E) all of the above. 25

21. 21. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a study, this process is called:
A) unbiased reporting.
B) a survey.
C) a random sample.
D) reliability. 28

22. 22. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest correlation?
B) -.64
C) +.35
D) -.10 31

23. 23. Consistently, we find low self-esteem is often related with high levels of depression. This means:
A) low self-esteem causes depression.
B) depression causes low self-esteem.
C) low self-esteem and depression are caused by a third factor.
D) they are correlated but this does not prove causation. 32

24. B) independent condition. C) placebo condition.
24. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is in the:
A) control condition.
B) independent condition.
C) placebo condition.
D) experimental condition. 37

25. C) a double-blind study. D) nothing. It would be ridiculous.
25. Neither the researcher nor the subjects knew whether or not they received the drug studied or a placebo. This is an example of:
A) expectancy effects.
B) placebo effects.
C) a double-blind study.
D) nothing. It would be ridiculous. 37

26. B) training your subjects well.
26. The best way to assure the post-treatment differences found between the experimental and control groups is due to the treatment is by:
A) random assignment.
B) training your subjects well.
C) letting your subjects know which group they are in.
D) using a placebo. 37

27. A) an illusory correlation. B) descriptive. C) valid.
27: If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the results are:
A) an illusory correlation.
B) descriptive.
C) valid.
D) statistically significant. 43

28. 28. When we experience _____, we feel tension when our actions do not coincide with our beliefs.
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) actor-observer discrepancy.
C) personal perception.
D) self-serving bias.
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29. 29. For teens, it is especially important to dress and act like their peers in order to be accepted by the group. This pressure to conform is called:
A) informational social influence.
B) ethnocentrism.
C) out-group homogeneity.
D) normative social influence.
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30. 30. Milgram did not require his subjects to shock people at the highest level at the beginning, but to build up to it. He used the:
A) cognitive dissonance theory.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) normative social influence.
D) social exchange theory.
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31. 31. When people are working in a group on a project rather than individually, there is likely to be less effort by some, called:
A) social loafing.
B) competition.
C) self-serving bias.
D) cognitive dissonance.
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32. 32. When a group’s goal of harmony takes precedence over rational decision-making, they become involved in the process of:
A) social cognition.
B) group polarization.
C) group think.
D) fundamental attribution error.
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33. A) the just-world hypothesis. B) fundamental attribution error.
33. Rape victims are sometimes blamed for wearing too revealing clothes and, “getting what they deserved.” This false conclusion is based on:
A) the just-world hypothesis.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) social categorization.
D) social exchange theory.
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34. 34: According to the bystander effect, if you needed help you would be more likely to get it if:
A) many people were present.
B) few people were present.
C) someone else was also helping.
D) no one knew you.
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