1. CONSUMER ACTIVISM

2. Development of Fair Trade First Wave Just after WW2, western Europe importing handcrafts from eastern Europe and Puerto Rico Driven by charities (Oxfam, Ten Thousand villages) Second Wave Alternate trading organizations set-up in UK, eliminating the ‘middle’; start of social entrepreneurs Driven by religious and community-based organizations Third Wave Development of sympathetic retail business (cooperatives) ; development of certifications Driven by involvement of more mainstream and ‘traditional’ business Fourth Wave Increase in markets Driven by many influences: political, academic, cultural, informational (ethical consumption, mass-market)

3. CONSUMER RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Consumerism has grown as a result of a shift from a focus on production to consumption Consumer activism focused first on product safety and integrity Then included demands for information as ‘consumer protection’ Now moved to include political action

4. CONSUMER RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Consumer energies can be used for: Support of brand loyalty E.g. Coca-Cola tried to change its classic formal (1985) Ford reintroduces the Mustang car model In the interest of community Saturn car owners convention Harley-Davison owners meetings Action against/for a corporation Protests to keep business in a community (log mill) Protests to keep business out of the community (Wal-Mart)

5. CONSUMER RIGHTS Used to formulate and strengthen consumer protection policies and legislation Include, the right to: Choose Safety Be informed Be heard Satisfaction of basic needs Redress Consumer education Healthy environment

6. CONSUMER RESPONSIBILITIES Emphasize that consumers, along with corporations, play a role in the market and in consumption practices. Include the responsibility to: Beware Be aware Think independently Speak out and complain Be an ethical consumer Respect the environment

7. CONSUMER RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES Consumers more aware of how they contribute to negative consumption practices More willing to participate in collective action Result: Citizens create political issues out of their personal choices E.g. what coffee to drink, what clothing to buy, to purchase locally or globally, what food to buy

8. CONSUMER OPTIONS FOR AFFECTING CORPORATE BEHAVIOUR Phone calls, letter writing and petitioning Creating alternative venues for consumption Boycotts and buycotts Local and bioregional alliances Demonstrations, protests, marches Embracing critical new media Violence and militant action Aligning with social movements

9. CONSCIENTIOUS CONSUMPTION Practicing judgment Consumers develop and utilize a capacity for discrimination and judgment of products, corporations, and social conditions Exercising autonomy Consumers can exercise their autonomy by ‘voting’ with their dollars Establishing solidarity Consumers can heighten public consciousness and influence companies through collective initiatives

10. CASES Coca-Cola Human rights, union busting, consumer choice Shell Human rights, environmental justice, animal rights Texaco Human rights, civil rights, environmental justice, discrimination Wal-Mart Union busting, exploitive global trade, labour sweatshops Nike Labour sweatshops, discrimination, corporate branding Starbucks Coffee Fair-trade, community destruction, GM foods Monsanto Fair-trade, GM foods, community destruction, environmental destruction

11. Consider: What should be the strategic role of ethical consumption? What systemic effects has it had in the past What mistakes have been made? What accomplishments have been achieved?