1. The Muslim “Gunpowder” Empires
Chapter 19

2. Geography The Ottoman Empire began in the Middle East
The Ottoman Empire expanded from where the Muslim Empire began (the city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia)
It continued to spread to cover parts of North Africa, the Balkans, and Europe.
Included areas such as Turkey, Persia, India, and China

4. Three “Gunpowder” Empires
There were three gunpowder empires- Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal
Similarities:
All of them were Muslim
Formed by conquerors
Mastered modern warfare (firearms)
Rose at the same time

6. Absolutism
The Ottoman Empire began with the decline of feudalism, the spirit of the Renaissance, the European encounter with the Americas, the Reformation, and the Commercial Revolution
Ottomans, like the monarchs that were ruling Europe, used gunpowder and large armies to take over their land.

8. The Ottoman Empire ( )
Ottoman Empire is named after Osman- a Turkish sultan whose military won in 1301.
Osman’s army took over the land of modern day Turkey
Ottoman Empire expanded in the 1400s and 1500s to include Southeast Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa; all with Muslim influences.

10. Here Come the Ottomans!
By the 1400s, the Byzantine Empire was in decline
Faced a growing threat from the Ottomans
Ottomans: nomadic, Turkish speaking group
These people migrated from Central Asia and Asia Minor

12. Here Come the Ottomans!
Ottomans began moving and threatening the Byzantine Empire
Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo (1389)
1390: Ottomans annexed Bulgaria
Ottomans controlled the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits

14. Siege of Constantinople
1453: Ottomans took over the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
The siege was led by Mehmed II: “the Conqueror”
April 6, bombarded Constantinople with massive cannons
Once the Byzantine Empire died, the Ottomans took over

15. Rise of Istanbul Mehmet changed the name to Istanbul
Made the once Christian city a major city of the Ottoman Muslim Empire
Rebuilt the Ottoman Empire
Built universities, mosques, and schools

16. Rise of Istanbul
Madrases- religious schools; major attraction for immigrant scholars
Hagia Sophia- Justinian’s church that was turned into a mosque
Istanbul- one of the world’s largest cities at the time with 700,000 people

17. Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Sultan Selim I- Conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia
Holy cities: Jerusalem, Mecca, and Medina
Also expanded into southern Europe- Balkans and Russia
Suleyman I- took over Hungary
At the peak of the Ottoman Empire, it covered three continents- Europe, Middle East, and North Africa

18. Reasons for Ottoman Success
New military technology
Cannons- used to take down Constantinople’s walls
Well equipped foot soldiers
Increased battlefield effectiveness

19. Three Groups that Sustained the Invasions
Gazis:
Warrior “war leader” of Islam
Warriors inspired by Islam to conquer territories and bring them to Dar al-Islam
Government hospital to Islam
Sufis:
Member of a religious order
Often come with troops to spread Islam
Janissaries:
Elite Ottoman foot soldiers
Slaves to Captured Christians forced to convert

20. Life Under Ottoman Rule
Imperial Sultans
Sultans “hold power”
Military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks
Became isolated from his people
Hereditary- not always the first son though
Private domain- harem- “sacred place”
Topkapi Palace- “iron gate”- center of sultan’s power

21. Ulema Group of religious scholars Sunni Muslims
Sultans claimed the “caliph” since 1500s
Theory: sultan is responsible for guiding and maintaining Islamic law
Religious practices: sultan was given responsibility from a group a religious advisers

22. Grand Vizier
Ottoman sultan’s chief minister who carried out the main burdens of the state and led council meetings
Did the typical day to day governing
Council was needed to control the large bureaucracy
Met 4 days a week

23. Pashas
Bureaucrats
The Ottoman Empire was governed by provinces and districts
Pasha- an appointed official of the empire who collected taxes, maintained law and order, and was directly responsible to the sultan’s court

24. A Diverse Society Social classes:
Men of the pen- highly educated people: scientists, lawyers, judges
Men of the sword- military
Men of Negotiation- businesspeople: bankers, tax collectors, artisans
**Top two classes were made up entirely of Muslims

25. Millets Non-Muslims communities
Each Miller was allowed to maintain its own religious traditions and educate its people
Had to obey Ottoman law
Paid tax
Devshirme system- Christians who converted to Islam were offered positions in the military and bureaucracy

26. Ottoman Achievements
Ottoman Empire absorbed the influenced of the Byzantine Empire
Had Greco-Roman and Middle East influences
Justinian: introduced silk cultivation
Ottomans: silk for courts, wool rugs

28. Sultan Suleyman’s Golden Age
Called the “Magnificent” by the Europeans
Suleyman was a military leader
Had absolute power
Strengthened the government
Based his government on Sharia

30. Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Internal Disorder
Nationalism and internal rebellions
Government corruption and poor leadership
Constant wars
Government positions were given based on relation not based on merit
Increased taxes
Wars were costly

31. Ottoman Decline European Advances
Europeans had better military technology
Battle of Lepanto- Spanish and Italian forces defeated the Ottomans (1571)
European economy was stronger than the Ottoman Empire’s
Ottoman’s did not industrialize
Fell behind economically

32. The Safavid Empire

33. Rise of the Safavid Dynasty
Esma ‘il the Founder
Began in the 1500s: new dynasty that took control after years of chaos
1501: Took over control of present day Iran and Iraq
Ema ‘il called himself the shah (king)of the Persian state
He was a descendant of Safial-Din
Safi al-Din was a militant religious teacher

36. Shah Esma ‘il Devote Shiite Muslim
Aggressive, militant, and intolerant
Shia Muslims believe in the successors of Muhammad
Made conversion to the Shia faith mandatory
Declared it the state religion
Ordered the massacre of Sunni Muslims in 1508

37. Tension between the Ottomans and Safavids
Ottoman Empire was tolerant; Safavids were not
Ottoman rulers tried to stop Safavid leaders from forcing civilians to convert
This led to tension between Ottomans and the Safavids

39. Glory and Decline Shah Abbas Shah moved against the Ottomans
Sought to gain territory
Used cavalry (soldiers on horseback) and infantry armed with gunpowder and weapon
Imported European weapons, equipment, technicians, and advisors
New capital- Esfahan

40. Decline After Shah Abbas’ death, empire declined
Difficult to bring together diverse peoples and interests
Power of the Shiite religion rose
Persian women were forced to be secluded and wear a veil
Safavid ruling family were forced to retreat

41. Society of Safavids Mixed Society
Safavids came into power to support the nomadic Turkish
Majority of the people were Persian
Most were farmers or townspeople

43. The Position of Shah Shah was the head of the bureaucracy
Appointment to senior positions were dependent on merit not birth
Shah Abbas: hired foreigners from neighboring countries
Absolute ruler

44. Economy and Trade Shahs played active role in trade and manufacturing
Large middle class involved in trade
Used Baazars
Most goods traveled by camel caravans or by horses
This empire is not as prosperous as the Ottoman Empire

45. Isfahan Shah’s capital Well planned and ordered city
One of the largest cities
Markets, mosques, shops, factories
Trade was stimulated by a Western demand for Persian carpets

47. The Mogul Empire ( )

48. Babur Founder: Babur Location: Present day India
Inherited Tamerlane’s land
Moguls are a mixture of Mongol and Turkish people
Had four emperors: Akbar, Jehangir, shah Jahan, Aurangzeb

49. Sikhism New religion Blending elements of Islamic Sufism and Hinduism
Sikhs believe in one god
Sikhs stress the belief in one god, stressing that mankind’s goal is unity with the deity

50. Akbar the Great Religiously tolerant Babar’s grandson
Only 14 years old when he came to the throne
Brought most of present day India under his throne
Wanted to end hostility and bring peace to the land

51. Examples of Religious Tolerance of Akbar the Great
Invited representatives of all religious to his court
His wife was a Hindu princess
Abolished tax on Hindu pilgrims

52. Government
Upper ranks of Akbar;s government were filled with non-native Muslims
Lower officials were Hindu
Zamindars- a local official who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government
All Indian peasants were required to pay 1/3 of their annual harvest to the state

53. Trade
Indian goods: textiles, tropical food products, spices, and precious stones
Merchants flourished

54. Decline of Mogul’s Decline occurred under Shah Jahan
He wanted to expand the land
Had no income and internal chaos
Most people lived in poverty
Built the Taj Mahal