1. Ch. 8 /lesson 1 Birth Health Ed.

2. Overview Material Cells are the “basic unit” of life…… All cells -divide -multiply -reproduce *except red blood cells

3. Overview Con’t.. Tissue- group of cells similar in structure that do similar work (example: muscle) Organs- 2 or more tissues that perform the same job (example: heart) Body system- group of organs working together to perform a function (example: digestive system)

4. Step 1: Fertilization Fertilization occurs when a single sperm and ovum (or female egg) unite. Once they unite a zygote is formed Fertilization take place in the upper third of the fallopian tubes. Cilia then carry the fertilized egg down the fallopian tube into the females uterus. This process takes three days

5. Female Anatomy Eggs (ovum): female is born with all the eggs she will ever need. (1 million) The egg is the largest cell in the female body Ovaries: female sex glands that house eggs and produce estrogen and progesterone Have an almond shape 500,000 eggs in each ovary

6. Female Anatomy Continued Ovulation- eggs released, usually one ovary releases a mature ovum one month and the other ovary releases a mature ovum the next month The egg then travels into the woman fallopian tube

7. Fallopian tube- 4 inch long tube lined with cilia that connects the ovary to the uterus If the egg is not fertilized menstruation takes place Menstruation- occurs every 28 days, all layers of the uterus are shed

9. The Uterus Uterus is made of 3 layers: Endometrium- inner layer Myometrium- middle layer Exctometrium- outer layer

10. Uterus Con’t…. And can be divided into 3 sections: Fondus- top part of the uterus Body- the middle part Cervix- the lowest part of the uterus that separates the uterus from the vaginal canal

11. Step 2: Implantation into the Uterus The zygote continues to multiply and then becomes known as a blastocyst Implantation process- blastocyocyst attaches itself to the uterus Once this occurs the blastyocyst then becomes known as an embryo

12. Step 3: Development of Placenta and Spinal Cord Embryo divides into 3 layers of tissue: (1)layer- becomes respiratory /digestive system (2)Layer- becomes muscle,bone, skin, blood vessels (3)Layer- becomes nervous system, sense organs, mouth

13. Placenta forms- this provides nourishment for the baby The embryo is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord (nutrients and oxygen are carried to the embryo and waste is taken away by this cord)

14. Step 4: Fetal Development At 8 weeks of age the embryo becomes a fetus (pg) 142

15. Step 5: Birth 3 stages: Stage 1- Dilation- stretching of the cervix, longest and most painful part (goes from closed to the width of your hand) Stage 2- Birth- contractions move the baby headfirst through the cervix and birth canal - Breach

16. Stage 3- Afterbirth- placenta is expelled from the body The Apgar Test: test given to infants right after birth to determine child’s physical condition. Test in 5 areas (coloring, pulse, reflexes, activity, respiration)

17. Prenatal Care Regular doctors visits Special diet (No caffeine) Prenatal vitamins No Alcohol- can cause (FSA) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome which leads to mental retardation No Tobacco- can cause low birth weight, double mothers chances of having a miscarriage or stillbirth