1. Friday Focus: February 20 Science: Seed Germination

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5. 1. In general, the results of Study 1 suggest that peony seeds that are placed in a petri dish containing damp paper are most likely to germinate when they are maintained at which of the following temperatures? 1. A. 13°C A. 2. B. 18°C B. 3. C. 23°C C. 4. D. 28°C D. 1. In general, the results of Study 1 suggest that peony seeds that are placed in a petri dish containing damp paper are most likely to germinate when they are maintained at which of the following temperatures? 1. A. 13°C A. 2. B. 18°C B. 3. C. 23°C C. 4. D. 28°C D.

6. 2. Suppose another set of 25 peony seeds had been included in Study 2 and these seeds had a storage temperature of 25°C and a germination temperature of 18°C. Based on the information provided, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closest to: 1. F. 0. F. 2. G. 8. G. 3. H. 16. H. 4. J. 24. J. 2. Suppose another set of 25 peony seeds had been included in Study 2 and these seeds had a storage temperature of 25°C and a germination temperature of 18°C. Based on the information provided, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closest to: 1. F. 0. F. 2. G. 8. G. 3. H. 16. H. 4. J. 24. J.

7. 3. In Study 2, at the storage temperature of 5°C, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated: 1. A. decreased only. A. 2. B. increased only. B. 3. C. decreased, then increased. C. 4. D. increased, then decreased. D. 3. In Study 2, at the storage temperature of 5°C, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated: 1. A. decreased only. A. 2. B. increased only. B. 3. C. decreased, then increased. C. 4. D. increased, then decreased. D.

8. 4. Which of the following sets of seeds were exposed to the same conditions prior to being placed in the petri dishes? 1. F. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C F. 2. G. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C G. 3. H. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C H. 4. J. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C J. 4. Which of the following sets of seeds were exposed to the same conditions prior to being placed in the petri dishes? 1. F. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C F. 2. G. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 8 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C G. 3. H. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 5°C H. 4. J. The seeds from Study 1 that were stored for 10 weeks and the seeds from Study 2 that were stored at 15°C J.

9. 5. A student stored 100 peony seeds at a constant temperature for 10 weeks. The student then divided the seeds into 4 sets and maintained them as described in Study 2. The results were as follows: Germination temperature (°C) 13 18 23 28 Number of seeds that germinated 1 6 3 0 Germination temperature (°C) 13 18 23 28 Number of seeds that germinated 1 6 3 0 These seeds most likely had a storage temperature of: A. 0°C. A. B. 5°C. B. C. 10°C. C. D. 15°C. D.

10. 6. The experimental designs of Study 2 and Study 1 differed in that in Study 2: 1. F. storage temperature was held constant. F. 2. G. storage time was held constant. G. 3. H. germination temperature was varied. H. 4. J. germination time was varied. J. 1. F. storage temperature was held constant. F. 2. G. storage time was held constant. G. 3. H. germination temperature was varied. H. 4. J. germination time was varied. J.

11. The Answers:

12. 1. In general, the results of Study 1 suggest that peony seeds that are placed in a petri dish containing damp paper are most likely to germinate when they are maintained at which of the following temperatures?  B is the best answer. In Study 1 more seeds germinated when they were maintained at a germination temperature of 18°C than when they were maintained at any of the other 3 germination temperatures. So the seeds are more likely to germinate when they are maintained at 18°C than when they are maintained at 13°C, 23°C, or 28°C.  A is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 13°C than at 18°C.  C is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 23°C than at 18°C.  D is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 28°C than at 18°C.  B is the best answer. In Study 1 more seeds germinated when they were maintained at a germination temperature of 18°C than when they were maintained at any of the other 3 germination temperatures. So the seeds are more likely to germinate when they are maintained at 18°C than when they are maintained at 13°C, 23°C, or 28°C.  A is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 13°C than at 18°C.  C is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 23°C than at 18°C.  D is not the best answer. Fewer seeds germinated at a germination temperature of 28°C than at 18°C.

13. 2. Suppose another set of 25 peony seeds had been included in Study 2 and these seeds had a storage temperature of 25°C and a germination temperature of 18°C. Based on the information provided, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closest to:  F is the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to any other number.  G is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 8.  H is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 16.  J is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 24.  F is the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to any other number.  G is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 8.  H is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 16.  J is not the best answer. In Study 2, when the storage temperature was equal to or greater than 15°C, zero seeds germinated. So, the number of seeds that would have germinated after being maintained for 30 days would most likely have been closer to 0 than to 24.

14. 3. In Study 2, at the storage temperature of 5°C, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated:  D is the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated initially increased (from 16 to 23) and then decreased (from 23 to 21 and from 21 to 1).  A is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 18°C, there was an increase in the number of seeds that germinated.  B is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 18°C to 23°C, there was a decrease in the number of seeds that germinated.  C is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 18°C, there was an increase in the number of seeds that germinated. Then, as the germination temperature increased from 18°C to 28°C, there was a decrease in the number of seeds that germinated.  D is the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 28°C, the number of seeds that germinated initially increased (from 16 to 23) and then decreased (from 23 to 21 and from 21 to 1).  A is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 18°C, there was an increase in the number of seeds that germinated.  B is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 18°C to 23°C, there was a decrease in the number of seeds that germinated.  C is not the best answer. In Study 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. The numbers of seeds that germinated at these 4 temperatures were 16, 23, 21, and 1, respectively. So, as germination temperature increased from 13°C to 18°C, there was an increase in the number of seeds that germinated. Then, as the germination temperature increased from 18°C to 28°C, there was a decrease in the number of seeds that germinated.

15. 4. Which of the following sets of seeds were exposed to the same conditions prior to being placed in the petri dishes?  H is the best answer. In Study 1, all of the seeds were stored at 5°C. In Study 2, all of the seeds were stored for 10 weeks. So, seeds exposed to the same conditions in Studies 1 and 2 must have been stored at 5°C for 10 weeks.  F is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 2 were stored for 10 weeks (not 8 weeks).  G is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 2 were stored for 10 weeks (not 8 weeks). Also, all of the seeds in Study 1 were stored at 5°C (not 15°C).  J is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 1 were stored at 5°C (not 15°C).  H is the best answer. In Study 1, all of the seeds were stored at 5°C. In Study 2, all of the seeds were stored for 10 weeks. So, seeds exposed to the same conditions in Studies 1 and 2 must have been stored at 5°C for 10 weeks.  F is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 2 were stored for 10 weeks (not 8 weeks).  G is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 2 were stored for 10 weeks (not 8 weeks). Also, all of the seeds in Study 1 were stored at 5°C (not 15°C).  J is not the best answer. All of the seeds in Study 1 were stored at 5°C (not 15°C).

16. 5. A student stored 100 peony seeds at a constant temperature for 10 weeks. The student then divided the seeds into 4 sets and maintained them as described in Study 2. The results were as follows:  C is the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 0 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 6 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 4 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 0 seeds germinated. These results closely match the results given in the question.  A is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 15 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 24 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 21 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 1 seed germinated. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.  B is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 16 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 23 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 21 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 1 seed germinated. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.  D is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. When the storage temperature was 15°C, 0 seeds germinated. This was the case regardless of germination temperature. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.  C is the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 0 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 6 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 4 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 10°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 0 seeds germinated. These results closely match the results given in the question.  A is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 15 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 24 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 21 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 0°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 1 seed germinated. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.  B is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 13°C, 16 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 18°C, 23 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 23°C, 21 seeds germinated. In Study 2, at a storage temperature of 5°C and a germination temperature of 28°C, 1 seed germinated. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.  D is not the best answer. The conditions described in the question match the conditions used in Study 2. So, to determine the storage temperature, look at the results from Study 2. When the storage temperature was 15°C, 0 seeds germinated. This was the case regardless of germination temperature. These results do not closely match the results given in the question.

17. 6. The experimental designs of Study 2 and Study 1 differed in that in Study 2:  G is the best answer. In Study 1, 5 storages periods were used: 0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks. In Study 2, 1 storage period was used: 10 weeks. So, in Study 2, storage time was held constant. In Study 1, storage time was varied.  F is not the best answer. In Study 2, 5 storage temperatures were used. So, storage temperature was not held constant.  H is not the best answer. In Studies 1 and 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. So, germination temperature was varied in both studies.  J is not the best answer. In Studies 1 and 2, germination time was 30 days. So, germination time was not varied in either study.  G is the best answer. In Study 1, 5 storages periods were used: 0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks. In Study 2, 1 storage period was used: 10 weeks. So, in Study 2, storage time was held constant. In Study 1, storage time was varied.  F is not the best answer. In Study 2, 5 storage temperatures were used. So, storage temperature was not held constant.  H is not the best answer. In Studies 1 and 2, 4 germination temperatures were used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, and 28°C. So, germination temperature was varied in both studies.  J is not the best answer. In Studies 1 and 2, germination time was 30 days. So, germination time was not varied in either study.