1. Conservation values and Ethics (保育的價值與倫理)
鄭先祐 (Ayo)
國立台南大學 環境生態研究所 教授
環境與生態學院 院長

2. Contents The value of biodiversity (生物多樣性的價值)
Instrumental value
Intrinsic value
Monetizing the value of biodiversity
Conservation Ethics (保育的倫理)
Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species
Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees: the spirit of diversity
Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems in management
Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation on Taiwan: a question of value

3. The value of biodiversity
Environmental philosophers customarily divide value into two main types, instrumental or utilitarian and intrinsic or inherent.
The view that biodiversity has value only as a means to human ends is called anthropocentric.
The view that biodiversity is valuable simply because it exists, independently of its use to human beings, is called biocentric or ecocentric.

4. Instrumental value
Four basic categories: goods, services, information, and psycho-spiritual (Table 4.1)

6. Intrinsic value The sorts of things that may possess intrinsic value
Whether intrinsic value exists objectively or is subjectively conferred.
Value in the philosophical sense
Biocentric environmental philosophers
– organism is self-organizing and self-directed.

7. Norton’s convergence hypothesis
Anthropocentric instrumental values + non-anthropocentric intrinsic value = conserve biodiversity

8. When biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable
Burden of proof according to instrumental and intrinsic value systems (Fig. 4.2)
When biodiversity is only instrumentally valuable
Burden of proof 是在 conservationists
When biodiversity is intrinsically as well as instrumentally valuable
Burden of proof 是在 developers

9. Monetizing the value of biodiversity
The tragedy of the commons (Hardin, 1968)
Holmes Rolston III provides an alternative perspective in Essay 4.1
Essay 4.1 Our duties to endangered species
Safe minimum standard (SMS), Bishop (1978)
Assumes that biodiversity has incalculable value and should be conserved unless the cost of doing so is prohibitively high (Fig. 4.3).

10. CBA vs. SMS (Fig. 4.3, p.119) Standard cost-benefit analysis (CBA)
Burden of proof → conservation
Safe minimum standard (SMS)
Burden of proof → development

13. Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)
Anthropocentrism
In the western religious and philosophical tradition, only human beings are worthy of ethical consideration.
All other things are regarded as mere means to human ends.
The Judeo-Christian stewardship conservation ethic
Diversity is God’s property, and we, who bear the relationship to it of strangers(陌生者) and sojourners (寄居者), have no right to destroy it.

14. Conservation Ethics (Table 4.2, p.120)
Traditional non-western environmental ethics
Muslim (Islam) (回教), Hinduism(印度教), Jainism (耆那教), Confucianism (孔教), Daoism (道教) (Table 4.3)
Biocentrism (生命中心主義)
Life-centered environmental ethics
All living things are of equal inherent worth (Taylor, 1986) (Fig. 4.6, p.127)
Ecocentrism (生態中心主義)

17. Biocentrism (生命中心主義) Rolston’s biocentrism Taylor’s biocentrism
All individual organisms baseline intrinsic value → Sentient animals → self-conscious human beings
Species → ecological systems → wholes
Taylor’s biocentrism
Equal intrinsic value：self-conscious human beings, sentient animals, invertebrates, plants, bacteria,

18. Ecocentrism Leopold land ethic
Changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land community to plain member and citizen of it.
A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise.

19. Fig. 4.7 Leopold land ethic

20. Supplements Essay 4.1 our duties to endangered species
Essay 4.2 Monks, temples, and trees: the spirit of diversity
Essay 4.3 The importance of value systems in management
Case study 4.1 Cypress forest conservation on Taiwan: a question of value

21. 問題與討論