1. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 1 Engineering & Technology Management Group Improving Systems Design & Integration with Knowledge Management The Delta Forum 2004 Designing & Integrating 21 st Century Systems JoAnne R. Calhoun NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program Office AIAA Technical Information Committee

2. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 2 Engineering & Technology Management Group Overview Why knowledge management is still relevant Content Management Challenge of 21 st Century KM Tools and Applications Semantic Web and Web Services change KM Conclusions

3. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 3 Engineering & Technology Management Group Knowledge Management - 20 th Century concept relevant for 21 st Century systems Getting the right information to the right people at the right time Knowledge management refers to strategies and structures for maximizing the return on intellectual and information resources Tacit form (human education, experience and expertise) Explicit forms (documents and data) Creates new value by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of individual and collaborative efforts to organize and use information resources Increases innovation and improves decision-making *Source: Defining Knowledge Management, destinationKM.com, http://www.destinationkm.com/articles/default.asp?ArticleID=949

4. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 4 Engineering & Technology Management Group Tacit knowledge – impetus for knowledge capture People Aging workforce Distributed workforce Workforce turnover Whats lost - corporate knowledge, skills, lessons learned

5. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 5 Engineering & Technology Management Group Explicit Knowledge – todays employees expected to be knowledgeable on topics outside areas of expertise, ie, marketing, best practices, benchmarking, state-of-the art technologies, return-on-investments, etc. Many sources of information, most of which use different search and retrieval engines, passwords, some full-text, some not; in sum, finding relevant information is a time-consuming challenge Sources of content – Books Technical reports Journal articles and conference proceedings Newspapers Trade publications Standards and Specifications Engineering Drawings Employee Directories Market and Financial Data Product Information

6. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 6 Engineering & Technology Management Group 21 st Century Challenges for Knowledge Manager to Design and Integrate Systems Understanding user community Selecting resources/services for user community Organizing and enabling access to resources and services for knowledge discovery How to make these resources/services available to users in the short-term and over time Greatest challenge for knowledge managers is content management

7. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 7 Engineering & Technology Management Group 21 st Century Content Management Issues Electronic vs print Data conversion, data storage, digital preservation Commercial vs free Commercial vendors leasing data at exorbitant prices – long term impact? Web content – free but how good is it? Authoritativeness, accuracy, non-peer reviewed, permanency, overwhelming amount content, what to collect Structured vs unstructured data Structured data – database, meta-tagging - organized, manipulate Unstructured – web, full-text docs, pictures – difficult capture, organize, and make searchable Emerging standards for data exchange – different organizations coming up with competing specifications

8. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 8 Engineering & Technology Management Group Knowledge Management tools Tools fall into one or more of the following categories (tools range from single application to enterprise solutions): Knowledge repositories Experts directory tools E-learning applications Discussion and chat technologies Collaboration and workflow tools Search and data mining tools Portals Classification and categorization tools Enterprise Content Management packages

9. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 9 Engineering & Technology Management Group KM Applications Brief Overview Search engines Collaborative environment Enterprise content management

10. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 10 Engineering & Technology Management Group KM for Knowledge Discovery through Search Engines Enterprise search engines (behind firewall) Make corporate/enterprise content searchable Search across Intranets, portals, databases, document repositories already on network Keyword, concept, and full-text searching Built-in taxonomies and classification structure to allow for directory structures that allow users to navigate through topics, Recommendation services based upon searching history

11. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 11 Engineering & Technology Management Group Search Engines for Internet – Challenge of the Deep Web Surface web – Web content found by traditional search engines that use web crawlers and spiders to index data on websites – static sites Deep Web – content found in web accessible databases – dictionaries, phone directories, patents, laws, multimedia, news, jobs, financial information – dynamic content Traditional Internet search engines do not index deep web site; sites with listing of searchable databases Deep web searching Public information on the deep Web is currently 400 to 550 times larger than the commonly defined World Wide Web. The deep Web contains nearly 550 billion individual documents compared to the one billion of the surface Web. The deep Web is the largest growing category of new information on the Internet. Deep Web sites tend to be narrower, with deeper content, than conventional surface sites. A full ninety-five per cent of the deep Web is publicly accessible information not subject to fees or subscriptions. Source: Technology white paper, The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Values, Bergman, Michael K., BrightPlanet website, July 2001, http://www.brightplanet.com/technology/deepweb.asp

12. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 12 Engineering & Technology Management Group KM to Create Collaborative Environment Definitions of community of practice vary somewhat, but are usually taken to mean a group of practitioners who share a common interest or passion in an area of competence and are willing to share the experiences of their practice.* Collaborative tools/software packages build online communities of subject matter specialists and collective pools of knowledge, provide online forums to contribute ideas and answer, searchable discussions lists, locate experts, white boarding, document sharing, membership management * Source: Communities for knowledge management, by Stephen Denning, article found at http://www.stevedenning.com/communities_knowledge_management.html

13. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 13 Engineering & Technology Management Group KM for Enterprise Content Management Enterprise Content Management (ECM) is the technologies, tools, and methods used to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver content across an enterprise.* Combines all facets of knowledge management for an enterprise: web publishing, document repositories, multimedia archives, search and retrieval, and workflows. End-to-end content creation, publishing, archiving, and searching. Source, Enterprise Content Management. What is it? Why should you care? Duhon, Bryant, AIIM E-Doc Magazine, November/December 2003, http://www.edocmagazine.com/vault_articles.asp?ID=27419&header=e_features_header.gif

14. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 14 Engineering & Technology Management Group KM, Semantic Web, and Web Services KM tools tend to be proprietary niche products Semantic Web and Web Services are move towards open-source protocols for machine communication Potential to change the way and the kinds of information collected, disseminated, archived New information products and services for knowledge managers and their organizations

15. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 15 Engineering & Technology Management Group Semantic Web Semantic Web is not a separate web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. * Current web designed for humans to read. Semantic web will allow semantic agents to share data among computers, applications, and programs depending upon context of the data using XML and RDF. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a simple, text format publishing language used for electronic publishing and data exchange.+ Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a foundation for processing metadata; it provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web.++ * Source: The Semantic Web, Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James; and Lassila, Ora, Scientific American.com, May 12, 2001, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=00048144-10D2-1C70-84A9809EC588EF21 +Source: Web services activity, W3C, http://www.w3.org/2002/ws/ ++Source: Resource Description Framewrok (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification, W3C, http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC- rdf-syntax-19990222/

16. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 16 Engineering & Technology Management Group Web Services Web services are programmatic interfaces that allow applications to talk to one another. Communication protocols enable computer systems and business processes to seek each other out over Internet Companies IBM, Microsoft, Sun, Oracle and standard organizations like W3C, Oasis (Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards) to work on standards for web specification Potential problems: Different standard organizations creating specifications that are incompatible Patent and licensing fees, restrictions to use specifications – not all open source Gartner research group predicts American businesses are going to squander $1 Billion on web service projects by 2007 Source: The Battle for Web Services, Koch, Christopher, CIO Magazine, Oct 2003, http://www.cio.com/archive/100103/standards.html

17. Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal Aspects LogisticsSupply Chain Systems Engineering Economics Risk Technical Information Multidiscipline Design Product Development 2/13/2014 17 Engineering & Technology Management Group Conclusions - Knowledge Management and 21 st Century Systems Knowledge management is relevant concept for the 21 st Century Problems of the past – data integrity, integration, interoperability – have not been solved KM tools will continue to focus on: Collaborative environment web enabled services to improve communication between employees, mentoring, and e-learning End-to-end content creation, archiving, delivery, and management for knowledge discovery and reuse Better search engines for search and retrieval of relevant information Standardization of data formats and protocols for interoperability for building knowledge bases, leveraging web resources, and creating multidisciplinary content repositories