1. Communication methodologies for hard-of-hearing children
The Oral vs. Manual debate
By: Kaylin Carswell

2. Manual education- Teaches children to communicate using sign language.
Oral education- Teaching the deaf or hard-of-hearing to rely on speech reading, body language/expressions, gestures and their residual hearing for receptive language. Individuals using this method learn to speak to express themselves.

3. History of Sign Langauge & Oralism
Ponce De Leon
Abb de L’Epe “father of sign language”
Sign language “natural language of the deaf”
Samuel Heinicke “father of oralism”

4. History of Sign Language in America
1817
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc
First school for the deaf in Hartford in 1817

5. History of Sign Language in America
For the next 63 years sign language was the primary method used to educate the deaf
1864 National Deaf Mute College
Gallaudet University
-DPN Movement (1988)

6. Sign Education vs Oral Education
Conference of Milan 1880
Sign Education vs Oral Education

7. End to the trend…. Oral method is superior
Within 10 years only ¼ of teachers educating the deaf were deaf themselves
Within the next 20 years only 1/5 of total teachers educating the deaf were deaf
Sign forbidden

8. Oralism in America 1867 New York
Institution for the Improved Instruction of Deaf-Mutes
-Lexington School for the Deaf
Northampton, Massachusetts
Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes
-Clarke School for the Deaf/Center for Oral Education

10. Oralism 1872 1890 School started in Boston by Alexander Graham Bell
American Assoc. to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf, Inc.
-Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf

11. 1960s Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe
Civil rights movement
American Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Sign Language Structure by William Stokoe
Proclaimed American Sign Langauge was:
-real langauge
-unique from English
-own grammar and syntax
Babbidge Report “oral education was a “dismal failure””

12. Oralism Sign Language *Academics *Human rights
*Assimilation *Social emotional benefits
*Deaf Culture

13. Oralism and Education Qualified teachers ADA & IDEA New Technology
Higher education

14. Common goals among oral programs
Early detection of hearing loss
Amplification & intervention
Parent involvement in child’s education
The use of residual hearing
Emphasizing speech without sign language for communication

16. Oralism and Assimilation
Avoidance of rejection, segregation, and pain
Included and accepted by the hearing population
Ease of communication

17. Sign Language and social-emotional benefits
Accepting who they are
Whole
Complete not “broken”
Strong sense of identity
Deaf culture

18. Sign Language and exercising human rights
Free to practice the natural law to preserve their nature
ADA and IDEA laws
Users don’t have to jeopardize their self-respect or fear discrimination

20. Medical Model of Deafness Vs. Cultural Model of Deafness

21. Medical Model Cultural Model
Functional disorder that needs to be fixed
Handicapped
Called deaf
Use of Oral methods
Linguistic minority with distinct language & culture
Difference
Considered deaf
Use of ASL

22. Total Communication
Blending several methods together to educate the deaf
Can include:
-fingerspelling
-sign language
-speech
-speech reading
-writing
-facial expressions
-hearing devices

23. “NO One has one right way to raise a deaf child, any more than anyone has one right way to raise a hearing child.  The politics involved in deaf education are nauseating and who suffers the most in the end are the children themselves.” ~Sherri Kowertz

24. ????????????????????
Questions

25. 1. Oral education includes all but which of the following?
speech reading
sign language
residual hearing
speech
b. sign language

26. 2. Who is known as “the father of sign language?”
Ponce De leon
Samuel heinicke
Abb de L’Epe
Laurent Clerc
c. Abb de L’epe

27. 3. When was sign language brought to America?
1825
1817
1901
2010
b. 1817

28. 4. Who brought sign language to America?
Samuel Heinicke
Dr. Elangovan
Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc
Alexander Graham Bell
c. Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet & Laurent Clerc

29. 5. Users of ASL typically______ Accept they are handicap
Look at themselves as needing to be fixed
Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be
Have low self-esteem
c. Accept themselves for who they are, not what others want them to be

30. 6. The Milan Conference of 1880 decided _____________
To abolish deaf education
Sign language should be the primary method of education
Deaf individuals had the right to choose what method of education they wanted
The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf education
d. The oral method was superior to the manual method of deaf education

31. The Civil Rights Movement William Stokoe’s Sign Language Structure
7. ASL started to emerge as an accepted method of education in the 1960s due to which of the following?
The Milan Conference
The Civil Rights Movement
William Stokoe’s Sign Language Structure
Both b and c
d. Both b and c

32. 8. Those who support sign language highly value______
Academics
Social-emotional benefits
Integration into sociey
New Technology
b. Social-emotional benefits

33. 9. The cultural model views deafness as ____________
A functional disorder that needs to be fixed
A linguistic minority with a distinct language
A handicap
Both b & c
b. A linguistic minority with a distinct language

34. 10. Total communication involves_____
Speech reading
Sign language
Hearing devices
All of the above
d. All of the above

35. Through deaf eyes video
GREAT JOB

36. References
Hunt, N. & Marshall, K. Exceptional Children and Youth. (2006). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.
Baker, K. “Oral Communication versus American Sign Language.” Accessed on 20 April 2010. -