Ideas How to use the revision cards:

Name: Ideas How to use the revision cards:
Uploaded: 2017-07-19T17:48:13+00:00
Duration: PTM26S46
Channel: Brittney Pope
Description: Ideas How to use the revision cards:

Ideas How to use the revision cards:
- Colour code the cards to show how confident you are with the topic - Ask someone at home to test you -Test yourself & highlight key words - Annotate (label) the cards - Re-write your own definitions - ‘Look, cover, check’ - Draw a mind map to for some topics - Expand on key words - Read through cards - Cut out cards & stick around a room

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments What are Hot deserts like?
1 What are Hot deserts like? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Features of hot deserts Hot Deserts have many different features: - They are all dry and arid They may have a sandy, rocky or stony surface. They have very little rainfall They are often a lot hotter during the day, than at night

Parallel rays of sunshine
2 Why are these Deserts so Hot? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Reason 1  Distance of Travel Deserts are hot because of their proximity to the equator. Ray B has to travel further, through the atmosphere, dust & clouds, therefore not as much heat reaches the poles. Whereas Ray A has a shorter distance to travel – meaning that it retains more of the heat from the sun. Parallel rays of sunshine

Parallel rays of sunshine
3 Why are these Deserts so Hot? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Reason 2  Angle of Suns rays Deserts are hot because of their proximity to the equator. The earth is curved. This means that the energy from Ray B is spread/ dispersed over a greater area – the energy is less intense. This is shown by ‘X’ on the picture. Whereas the energy from Ray A is concentrated on a smaller area. This is shown by ‘Y’ on the Diagram. X Parallel rays of sunshine Y

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments
4 Why do deserts receive very little rainfall? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments To understand why deserts receive little rain, we first need to know why rain occurs. Rain only forms when moist air rises, cools and condenses. Often this is by: Convection current – The sun heats the earth, which heats the air above it. The air becomes less dense, rises & then condenses. E.g. Tropical Rainforests at the equator Frontal Rain – Two air masses meet. One is less dense than the other and is forced over the top of the other one. Meaning that it rises, cools and then condenses. E.g. UK Relief Rain. An air mass is forced over an area of high land. The air rises, cools and condenses. E.g. in Hilly areas

5 Why do deserts receive very little rainfall? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments In deserts, the air does not contain much moisture & the air is usually falling meaning that it cannot condense to produce rain. Reasons why air falls: Trade Winds - Due to suns heat, air rises at the equator & falls near to the tropics (Cancer/Capricorn) Rain Shadow - Air blows across a mountain. The air then loses all of its moisture on the other side Coastal Deserts - If the ocean is particularly cold, then the air around the coast is cooled, meaning that it will not rise & condense

6 How does wind affect how dry the desert is? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments The prevailing (most common) wind direction also plays a very important role in desert climates. E.g. The Prevailing wind for the Sahara desert in Africa is from the North East. This wind blows over land, so is quite ‘dry air’ as it does not pick up moisture from the sea. The same is true for other deserts.

Rain Shadow 7 The rain gets forced up and over the (windward) side of the mountain. As the air rises, it cools and condenses. The rain falls over the mountains. By the time the clouds reach the other (leeward) side there is no moisture left in the air

Coastal Desert -Caused by cold Currents
8 Coastal Desert -Caused by cold Currents Cold ocean currents affect the climate of the coastal area. The colder sea cools down the land Which means that the air is cool and not able to rise. Sea fog can form on the coast. Some plants have adapted so they are able to use the moisture from the fog. Cold Currents

TRADE WINDS 9 The sun is most powerful at the equator. Here, the sun heats the earth (A) and the air Rises = low pressure system. As the air rises, it cools and condenses Rain & clouds forming cloud (B) and rain (C). This is why tropical Rainforests have so much rain. The air then moves away from the equator. Before it then falls. The air then starts to fall at approx 300N (D) & 300S of the equator (E). As it falls, it warms up - the air can’t then produce rain = High Pressure system

Hot Desert Extreme Environments
10 How have people reacted to Hot Deserts (media) Hot Desert Extreme Environments Hot deserts are depicted in a number of ways through different types of media. Accounts of historical expeditions The extremes of deserts may be stressed, & meeting different cultures. E.g. Across the empty quarter  Thesiger Through films Lawrence of Arabia & the English Patient (Fictional) Running the Sahara (Non-fiction) Historical Newspaper articles  “Across the sahara by caterpillar” The Observer Jan 14th 1923, by Major Gordon Home &The Murder of Major Gordon Laing Guardian August 2nd 1828

Hot Desert Extreme Environments
11 How have people reacted to Hot Deserts (media) Hot Desert Extreme Environments Through TV  Bear Grylls, Ray Mearns,Travel Programmes, Michael Palin (Sahara and Pole to Pole). Running the Sahara, Simon Reeves. Through Paintings ‘Pear Blossom Highway’ Hockney. ‘St John in the desert’ Veneziano Each source of information will depict the desert in a different way. Sometime they will focus on the hardships of the desert and sometimes they will focus upon the difficulties. The desert may be portrayed much more positively - the mystical quality/romance of the desert may be highlighted.

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Where are hot deserts found? 12
Hot deserts are found near to the tropic of Capricorn & Cancer & Often between N and South of the Equator

13 What are hot deserts like?  Climate Hot Deserts Extreme Environments There is a large Diurnal (daily) range in temperatures in the desert. Why are Deserts Cold at Night? At night a lot of heat escapes. This is because there are v. few clouds, which means that the heat can escape. Why are Deserts Hot During the Day? During the day, the sun heats up the ground. This is because there are v. few clouds to stop the suns rays.

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Why are Deserts Hot During the Day?
14 Why are Deserts Hot During the Day? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments

15 Why are Deserts Cold During the Night? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments What are hot deserts like?  Climate
16 What are hot deserts like?  Climate Extreme Environments Hot Deserts You may be asked to describe what these graphs show. Refer to: Highest, Lowest, trends, anomalies. Include Data, months, increases/decreases seasons, links between Rain/Temp

17 What are Hot Deserts like?  Vegetation Hot Deserts Extreme Environments For any vegetation to survive in a desert it must adapt. The main challenge is the heat & lack of water 1) Xerophytes These plants have made physical adaption's to survive the desert e.g. Cacti. Some of the features are: - Spines – These deter predators and help to break up wind – reducing the amount of transpiration of water moisture Shallow roots – these quickly draw up any surface rainwater. Deep roots – Reach towards deep underground water stores. ‘pleated’ body – The cactus can swell up to take in water Green body – body takes on role of photosynthesis. Small surface area – to reduce transpiration Thick waxy body – the make sure no water is lost

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments 2a) Ephemerals (plants)
18 What are Hot Deserts like?  Vegetation Hot Deserts Extreme Environments For any vegetation to survive in a desert it must adapt. The main challenge is the heat & lack of water 2a) Ephemerals (plants) These plants lie dormant for months, or even years in the desert until it rains. These plants grow & flower very quickly (within a few days) before the water gets evaporated or soaked away. 2b) Ephemerals (seeds) In deserts there are many seeds waiting to be germinated. When the rains come they will quickly start to grow into plants, taking advantage of the conditions

Ephemerals Desert after a ‘rain’ event
19 What are Hot Deserts like?  Vegetation Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Xerophytes A sketch to show key features of a cactus Ephemerals Desert after a ‘rain’ event

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments What are hot deserts like?  Animals
20 What are hot deserts like?  Animals Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Animals need to adapt in order to survive in desert environments. They have to cope with extreme temperatures, lack of food and lack of water. To avoid daytime heat, many desert animals are Nocturnal; they burrow beneath the surface or hide in the shade during the day, emerging at night to eat. Many desert animals do not have to drink at all – they get all of their water from the moisture in food

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments What are hot deserts like?  Animals
21 What are hot deserts like?  Animals Hot Deserts Extreme Environments How have camels adapted to life in deserts? Thick fur & underwool – warmth at night & insulation against sun in day Fat Stored in humps - energy reserve Two rows of eyelashes– protects against sand & sun Concentrated urine to retain as much water as possible Nostrils can be closed to keep out sand Broad, flat leathery pads on hooves to spread out weight on sand Thick leathery patches on knees to protect when resting on hot sand Long, strong legs – carry heavy loads & body further away from sand

22 What are hot deserts like?  Weathering & Erosion Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Weathering is the breaking up of rocks in the place that they are found. For Example: a) Physical Weathering. This includes Freeze-Thaw Weathering (ice expanding in a crack, thaws, then re-freezes) and exfoliation (sun heats layers of rock & they break off like layers of an onion) Freeze-Thaw Weathering Exfoliation / onion skin weathering

23 What are hot deserts like?  Weathering & Erosion Hot Deserts Extreme Environments b) Chemical Weathering. This includes Salt Crystallisation (water evaporates & leaves behind salt, which expands) and Hydration (water reacts with chemical in the rock) c) Biological Weathering. This is when plant roots grow into crack in the rock and force the cracks open. Erosion is the wearing away and removal of material. In deserts erosion is mainly caused by the wind. Although flash flooding can also happen & moves lose material. Both occur as there is little vegetation hold /bind sand. Deposition is the laying down of material that has already been eroded. Material from wind erosion often deposits is often laid down to form Dunes & flash floods carry material further down the valley & across flood plains

24 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Zeugen 1 Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Formation of Zeugen  Stage 1 When there are alternating layers of hard & soft rock there can sometimes be weaknesses in the joints. When the temperature changes and dew occurs at night, chemical weathering breaks up the rock and starts to open up the joints

25 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Zeugen 2 Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Formation of Zeugen  Stage 2 Once the joints are opened up, they are then eroded away further by the wind (abrasion). This forms ridges and hollows. At this stage the erosion starts to reach into the soft rock

26 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Zeugen 3 Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Formation of Zeugen  Stage 3 The Zeugen can stand between 3m – 36m high. Now that abrasion starts to erode the softer rock (which is less resistant), rock pedestals will often form

27 What are hot deserts like? Physical Features  Rock Pedestal Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Rock Pedestal–These are sometimes called mushroom rocks as they are often ‘top heavy’. Over time, the wind (which carries particles of sand) wears away the rock. This type of erosion is called abrasion. A rock pedestal erodes more in places than others. This is because softer (less Example of a Rock Pedestal resistant) rock erodes more quickly than harder (more resistant) rock and because much of the erosion takes place within the first metre of the ground Classic mushroom shape at he top More resistant rock worn away slowly Less resistant rock worn away quickly Most erosion within first metre of ground as wind lifts material

28 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Yardang Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Yardang: Formation Yardangs often form in alternate vertical bands of hard and soft rocks. The weaker rocks are less resistant and erode more quickly. The harder rocks are more resistant and left as ridges. Stage 1 – flat surface Stage 2–Differential erosion due to abrasion Key Hard, Resistant Rock Softer, less resistant rock

29 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Yardang Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Yardang: Formation Yardangs are long and thin in appearance. The ridges become more pronounced. Can be up to 15m high They also often occur parallel to the prevailing (most common) wind direction, this is when most erosion will occur. Stage 3 – Ridges become more pronounced Cross section view Diagram is plan view

30 What are hot deserts like?  Physical features – Wadi Hot Deserts Extreme Environments A Wadi is a steep sided, deep, flat floored (dry) valley in a desert. Usually they do not have any water in them. There may be a few desert plants in the Wadi. The material in the wadi is often loose. Therefore, when there is a flash flood, lots of material in the wadi is transported (moved) & then deposited (dropped) further down the valley. Steep Sides Flat bottom Loose Material Some plants

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Cross section
31 What are hot deserts like? Physical features Barchan Dunes Hot Deserts Extreme Environments There are lots of different types of Sand Dune. They will differ according to the strength/direction of the wind, amount of vegetation, amount and type of sand. As the sand is loose, many types of sand dunes will migrate (move), due to the wind. Sand dunes mostly form when there is an obstacle – the sand builds around the obstacle – e.g. vegetation. 150 Sand deposited Prevailing Wind Cross section

32 What are hot deserts like? Physical features Barchan Dunes Hot Deserts Extreme Environments A Barchan Dune has a particular shape. It is a crescent shape with ‘horns’ pointing downwind. The upwind slope is approx 340 & the downwind slope is approx 150. Barchan dunes occur where there’s a limited supply of sand, therefore they may by up to 100m apart. They form around an obstruction. The obstruction causes the wind to lose speed & then deposits, which causes a greater obstruction & more material is deposited. They will move over time

33 How do people use hot deserts? Oil and Gas Hot Deserts Extreme Environments General Beneath the Sahara are layers of sedimentary rock. Oil and gas is trapped beneath after is was formed from the remains of microscopic organisms millions of years ago. Positives  Exporting oil and gas can make a lot of money for countries. Negatives  The money isn’t distributed equally in the country & companies are often owned by overseas companies. Oilfield drilling rig It is very expensive to find oil and gas. Many of the larger, easy to find oil wells have now been used up. Transport oil and gas through pipelines is very expensive. Oil & gas are non-renewable resources – one day they’ll run out & burning these releases CO2.

34 How do people use hot deserts? Tourism Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Tourism Many people find deserts to be fascinating and like the idea of visiting a desert. There are many tour companies that offer desert holidays, catering for different experiences – e.g. self drive, buggies, Bedouin tents/camel treks. Positives People are able to find out about different cultures. Some money from tourism will go to locals. Negatives Some areas may have delicate environments which could be damaged by tourism. Some tours companies are foreign owned, meaning that not all money goes to the locals.

35 How do people use hot deserts? Agriculture Hot Deserts Extreme Environments In deserts, there is lots of flat, cheap land which makes it ideal for agriculture. Of course, water is needed for crops to grow. This can either come from irrigation channels which take water from rivers, or from well which takes water from under-ground aquifers (water holding rocks). Positives – allows greater areas of desert to be used. Creates employment. Negatives – River levels affects, aquifers will run out of water. Lots of chemicals are needed to feed the plants, as desert sand/soil has v few nutrients. Desert Agriculture Irrigation channel Water pumped up from aquifer

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments How do people use Hot Deserts? 36
The Bedouin The Bedouin are pastoral (raise animals) nomads (they move around from place to place. They overcome problems in the following ways: Water – They plan routes from water source to another. Also, use other indicators such as lines of plants and insects to find hidden underground water. Transport – Bedouins traditionally use camels as transport as they are able to carry large loads. Lighting a fire Clothing - They traditionally wear woollen, loose fitting clothes, from their animals. These insulate against the heat of the day & provide warmth at night. Covering their bodies means that the amount of sweating is reduced, therefore reducing dehydration. Shelter–They need to be able to carry their shelter with them & pack up quickly. Their tents are made from Goat hair cloth as it is warm & waterproof. They are long/narrow allowing breeze to blow

37 What Challenged do hot deserts pose? Desertification 1 Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Desertification This is the process by which land turns into desert. After a ‘dry period’ land will often recover. Desertification is when the land is so damaged that it can’t recover. The damage can be caused by physical (Natural) processes, or by Human (due to people) processes One of the areas at risk of desertification is the Sahel, in Africa. It is on the southern edge of the Sahara. It is an area where some farming occurs & is mainly grassland

What Challenges do hot deserts pose? Desertification 2 38 Extreme Environments Hot Deserts Desertification - Physical Causes: Less Rainfall – Overall, there has been a reduction in the amount of rain for the Sahel over the last few years Less Reliable Rainfall – Also, the rain is less reliable – it may be many years before its rains properly in an area Higher Temps–This increases the amount of moisture/water lots through evaporation & transpiration (water from plants) Desertification - Human Causes: Irrigation–water for growing crops is quickly evaporated, salt in the water is left on the ground=unsuitable for future farming Over grazing – Herds of animals eat lots of vegetation. Too many animals means that the vegetation cannot recover Over farming – Soil can’t recover from lots of farming. It loses it nutrients and loss of vegetation means that it blows away. More people - Many people in the Sahel use firewood. More people means too much may be collected-plants cannot recover.

What Challenges do hot deserts pose? Impact of desertification Extreme Environments 39 Hot Deserts Desertification - Imacts: Degradation of land – Vegetation is unable to recover, unlike a temporary drought, and the land is degraded (permanently damaged) Conflict – potential for water/land wars and more people demand access to the same water/arable land. Culture’s lost – as land becomes more crowded different cultures begin to amalgamate (merge) or disappear completely.

What Challenges do hot deserts pose? Desertification 3 40 Extreme Environments Hot Deserts Desertification – possible solutions: Stop overgrazing – reduce the number of animals grazing to allow vegetation to grow back again. Stabilising the ground to prevent the sands encroaching. Difficult to implement with demands for food so high. Integrated farming – Keep animals and grow crops. Animal manure is used to fertilise soil to help crops grow. Difficult to encourage people to change their intensive growing methods. Plant more trees – Trees protect the soil from wind and rain. Tree roots help to bind the soil and prevent erosion. Algeria’s green line was one failed attempt in the 70’s and 80’s. Store water – Building earth dams/stone bunds to collect water in the wet season. Used for irrigation in dry season. Relies on there being a wet season!

Hot Deserts Extreme Environments What Challenged do hot deserts pose?
41 What Challenged do hot deserts pose? Hot Deserts Extreme Environments Some of the other challenges that Hot Deserts Pose: Drought – This is caused by lack of water of a long period of times causes drought - Crops may fail. Famine – This is caused by drought. Large numbers of people are not able to access food/water. Cultures – Over time, cultures change. The Bedouin for example, find it more and more difficult to maintain their traditional way of life. Many cultures have dies out. This is sometimes due to desertification, they are not enough resources to support the Bedouin.

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