1. Emotion

2. Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of?

3. Theories of Emotion
Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.
OBJECTIVE 1| Identify three components of emotions, and contrast James-Lange, Canon-Bard and two factor theories of emotion.

4. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

5. Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

6. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

7. Male participants were asked to meet an interviewer in the middle of one of two bridges. One was a safe-looking bridge and one looked more dangerous. An attractive female researcher interviewed the male passers-by in the middle of the two bridges. She gave them her telephone number in case they wanted to ask about the results. Men on the less safe-looking bridge were more aroused by the height of the bridge and were likely to confuse their feelings for being 'lovestruck'. They were then more likely to call her back, looking for a date.
Support for James Lange?

8. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

9. Think – 2 cannons firing at the same time.
Physiological change (heart rate, breathing)
Cognitive awareness

10. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

11. If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reaction would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cognitive appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emotion of “fun”

12. Embodied Emotion
We know that emotions involve bodily responses. Some of these responses are very noticeable (butterflies in our stomach when fear arises), but others are more difficult to discern (neurons activated in the brain).

13. Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.
OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

14. Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty.
OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss the relationship between arousal and performance.

15. Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.
OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.

16. Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

17. The Polygraph

18. The Polygraph
…measures several of the arousal responses, such as changes in breathing, pulse rate, blood pressure, and perspiration
…but too error-prone. ½ of states don’t accept it as truth

19. Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

20. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion.
AP Photo/ Nati Harnik
Reuters/ Corbis
Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting.

21. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
OBJECTIVE 7| Distinguish the two alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response.
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

22. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).
Courtesy of Paul J. Whalen, PhD, Dartmouth
College,

23. Two Routes to Emotion
Zajonc and LeDoux (1984) emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. Lazarus, Schachter, and Singer (1998) emphasize that appraisal also determines emotions.

24. Which theory claims that emotions are organized in the brain and that emotional feelings and bodily expressions occur simultaneously?
common sense theory
Cannon Bard
c. attribution theory
d. James Lange

25. Which theory of emotion implies that people can change their emotions simply by changing the way they label their arousal? A. the James-Lange theory B. Cannon Bard theory C. Schachter’s two-factor theory D. opponent-process theory.

26. According to Cannon-Bard theory,
a. the thalamus plays a central role in producing emotions
b. the cerebellum must give the go ahead for emotion
c. activity in the occipital and parietal lobes happens simultaneously to produce emotion
d. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work in concert

27. Which theory of emotion holds the view that bodily changes PRECEDE emotion and that we experience an emotion AFTER our body reacts?
common sense theory
Cannon-Bard theory
attribution theory
James- Lange theory

28. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion: A
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion: A. the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and on one’s cognitive interpretation of that arousal B. different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions C. emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex D. Emotions develop because of their adaptive value

29. The polygraph or “lie detector” primarily measures which component of emotion?
a. attribution
b. emotional expression
c. physiological arousal
d. vocal modulation

30. “We feel sorry because we cry” represents the theory of _____ A
“We feel sorry because we cry” represents the theory of _____ A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. LeDoux D. Schachter E. Freud

31. “We cry when (at the same time) we notice we feel sorry inside and are involved in a sad situation” represents the theory of ______ A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. LeDoux D. Schachter E. Freud

32. Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

33. Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

34. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

35. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

36. Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to effectively convey 10 different emotions.
Network Photographers/ Alamy

37. Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.
Elkman & Matsumoto, Japanese and
Caucasian Facial Expression of Emotion

38. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival.
Charles Darwin ( )

39. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

40. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Courtesy of Louis Schake/ Michael Kausman/
The New York Times Pictures
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

41. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
Shame, and guilt.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

42. People generally divide emotions into
Dimensions of Emotion
People generally divide emotions into
two dimensions.

43. Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from
injury and harm.

44. Learning Fear
We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation.
OBJECTIVE 14| State two ways we learn our fears.
Watson ( )
By Monika Suteski

45. The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss some of the biological components of fear.
Courtesy of National Geographic Magazine and Laboratory of Neuro Imaging
(LONI) at UCLA. Art and brain modeling by Amanda Hammond, Jacopo
Annese, and Authur Toga, LONI; spider art by Joon-Hyuck Kim

46. Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato B.C.).
OBJECTIVE 16| Identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger, and assess the catharsis hypothesis.

47. Causes of Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

48. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

49. Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.
Wolfgang Kaehler

50. Happiness
People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe how the feel-good do-good phenomenon works, and discuss the importance of research on subjective well-being.

51. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

52. Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.

53. Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.
OBJECTIVE 18| Discuss some of the daily and longer-term variations in the duration of emotions.

54. Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt

55. Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.
OBJECTIVE 19| Summarize the findings on the relationship between affluence and happiness.

56. Wealth and Well-being
In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs.
People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries.
A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy.
However, people who live in poverty are also satisfied with their life.

57. Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

58. Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction) measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.

59. Values & Life Satisfaction
Students who value love more than money report higher life satisfaction.

60. Happiness & Prior Experience
Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Like the adaptation to brightness, volume, and touch, people adapt to income levels. “Satisfaction has a short half-life” (Ryan, 1999).
OBJECTIVE 20| Contrast the effects on happiness of the adaptation-level and the relative-deprivation principles.

61. Happiness & Others’ Attainments
Happiness is not only relative to our past, but also to our comparisons with others. Relative Deprivation is the perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with.

62. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?
OBJECTIVE 21| Summarize the ways that we can influence our own levels of happiness.

63. Which of the following statements is true. A
Which of the following statements is true? A. For the most part, people are pretty happy. B. Age is unrelated to happiness. C. income is unrelated to happiness D. All of the above are true.

64. Stress and Health Behavioral Medicine Health Psychology
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

65. Stress and Illness
Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000

66. Stress and Illness Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

67. Stress Appraisal Appraisal Response Stressful event (tough math test)
Threat
(“Yikes! This is
beyond me!”)
Challenge
(“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Panic, freeze up
Aroused, focused
Appraisal
Response

68. Pituitary hormone in the
bloodstream stimulates
the outer part of the adrenal
gland to release the stress
hormone cortisol
Sympathetic nervous
system releases the
stress hormones
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
from nerve endings
in the inner part of
the adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex
(perceives stressor)

69. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome
resistance
Phase 1
Alarm
reaction
(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2
Resistance
(cope with
stressor)
Phase 3
Exhaustion
(reserves
depleted)
The body’s resistance to stress can
last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressor
occurs
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages

70. Three Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
1) Alarm Reaction--general arousal caused by:
*increase of adrenal glands
*reaction of sympathetic nervous system
If stressor is not removed, organism moves to:
2) Resistance--arousal subsidies because of:
*decrease in adrenal output
*counter reaction of parasympathetic nervous system
If stressor is not removed, organism moves to:
3) Exhaustion-- general arousal of Stage 1 reappears:
Powerful parasympathetic response opposes arousal.
If stressor is not removed in time, death occurs.

71. Stressful Life Events Catastrophic Events Life Changes Daily Hassles
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Daily Hassles
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout,
AP Psychology…school in general

72. Stressful Life Events
Chronic Stress by Age

73. Stress and the Heart Type A Type B Are you Type A or Type B?
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Are you Type A or Type B?

75. Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress
Gender differences
Women more likely to have lasting reactions to traumatic events; at more risk for exposure
Marriage and committed relationships have health benefits
Social buffer against stress
Live healthier, longer lives on average
Loss of spouse affects men more
Maybe marriage is choice of healthier people

76. Personal Factors in Reactions to Stress
Gender differences
Fight-or-flight important to both sexes
Men more likely to use fight-or-flight response
Women more likely to tend-and-befriend
Creates alliances for future if reoccurrence
Average response to workplace stress
Mothers more nurturing to children
Fathers more grouchy or withdrawn

77. Stress and the Heart Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries

78. Stress and the Heart Hopelessness scores Heart attack Death 3.5 3 2.5
1.5 1
0.5
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Men who feel extreme hopelessness
are at greater risk for heart attacks
and early death

79. Stress and the Heart

80. Stress and Disease Psychophysiological Illness Psychosomatic
“mind-body” illness
any stress-related physical illness
some forms of hypertension
some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-- misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

81. Stress and the Immune System
Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

82. Stress and the Immune System
Stress does not directly cause disease
When energy is diverted from immune system activities and directed toward stress-response system  vulnerability to infection and disease increases
Acceleration of AIDS
Rapid spread of cancerous cells

83. poor nutrition and sleep)
Stress and Disease
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Mind and body interact; everything psychological is simultaneously physiological
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressors
and negative
emotions
Release of stress
hormones
Heart
disease
Immune
suppression
Autonomic nervous
system effects
(headaches,
hypertension)

84. Promoting Health Coping with stress
Problem-focused coping: when we feel a sense of control and think we can change the situation
Change the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
Emotion-focused coping: when we feel we have no or little control over the situation
Avoid or ignore a stressor
Meet emotional needs

85. A competitive diver approaches the end of the board with rapidly beating heart and a dry mouth, a result of increased
adrenaline
amines
cortisone
endorphins

86. The number one tennis player on last year’s squad does not find her name on the list of students who made this year’s team. Which stage of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome is she most likely experiencing? a) alarm b) resistance c) denial d) competence