1. URINARY SYSTEM

2. Urinary System Function = to form and eliminate urine Consists of: Two kidneys Organs of excretion Regulate body fluids’ composition, volume, and pH Produce erythropoietin Produce renin Two ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

3. Male Urinary System

5. The Kidneys Located behind peritoneum in lumbar region Adrenal glands rest on top Outer region = renal cortex Inner region = renal medulla Nephrons: Microscopic working units of kidneys

6. Longitudinal Section Through the Kidney

8. Urine Formation Blood pressure forces material through glomerular wall and capsule, into nephron Glomerular filtrate consists of: Water Electrolytes Soluble wastes Nutrients Toxins Urea = main waste material (byproduct of protein metabolism)

9. Urine Formation (con’t) Waste material and toxins need to be eliminated Water, electrolytes, nutrients returned to blood Remaining fluid is urine Adjusted by pituitary hormone ADH

10. Removal of Urine Urine Drained from renal p elvis Carried by ureter to urinary bladder before release Urethra Expulses urine when bladder muscle contracts Sphincters Regulate urination Upper has involuntary function Lower functions under conscious control

11. Interior of Urinary Bladder

16. Clinical Aspects of the Urinary System Infections of urinary tract Organisms usually enter through urethra Usually colon bacteria in feces UTI’s more comm on in females Cystitis produced

17. Infections (con’t) Infections of kidney and renal pelvis Pyelonephritis Symptoms include: Dysuria Bacteriuria Pyuria Urethritis Inflammation of urethra Associated with sexually transmitted diseases

18. Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of kidney and glomeruli Specifically occurs after immunologic reaction Usually response to infection in another system Symptoms: Hypertension Edema Oliguria (passage of small amounts of urine)

19. Dialysis Hemodialysis = Cleansing of blood cleansed Passed over membrane surrounded by dialysate to remove unwanted substances Peritoneal dialysis = fluids introduced to peritoneal cavity Periodically withdrawn with waste products Process repeated

20. Urinary Stones (calculi) Called urinary lithiasis Formed of calcium salts May result from: Dehydration Infection Abnormal urine pH Urinary stasis Metabolic imbalances

21. Urinalysis Simple, widely-used diagnosing process Urine examined and tested for: Color Turbidity Specific gravity pH level Chemical components Cells, crystals, or casts